Browsing by Author "Anderson, Olaf"

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    Characterization of glass surfaces by X-ray reflectivity
    (Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1997) Anderson, Olaf; Bange, Klaus
    Surfaces of soda-lime and borosilicate glasses produced by the float technique as well as polished BK-7, fused silica and aluminosilicate glasses are investigated by means of grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry Thin layers are found at all surfaces with properties which differ significantly from the bulk properties of the respective material. Fused silica surfaces exhibit a hydrated layer with a thickness of approximately 17 nm and a slightly reduced density A thin leached layer with a density of approximately 2 g*cm⁻³ is analyzed on BK 7 glass. A variadon in the rms roughness between 0.7 and 1.5 nm is found for aluminosilicate glasses depending on the polishing procedure. Pronounced differences are obtained between the air and the tin bath side of soda-lime float glass, whereas for borosilicate float glass only small differences in density between the two sides of the glass are measurable. The evolution of the initial stages of corrosion is demonstrated on soda-lime glass in dependence on the storage time.
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    Grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity - a Round Robin test : Report of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) Technical Committee 19 "Glass Surface Diagnostics"
    (Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2004) Anderson, Olaf; Bange, Klaus; Germain, Bruno; Lehuédé, Patrice; Farnworth, Mark
    Densities and thicknesses of films of five different layer systems were determined in a grazing incidence X-ray analysis (GIXA) Round Robin test carried out by three industrial laboratories. The influence of both the experimental setup and the simulation software on these results is compared for the identical set of samples. Two approaches are adopted; firstly each laboratory measuring and simulating its own data and secondly each laboratory simulating the data that had been measured by another laboratory. The measured data from the three laboratories are analyzed and reasons proposed to explain the relatively minor differences between them. Comparisons are also made between the simulations produced from the two approaches to determine variations and any systematic bias between the three laboratories. Overall, good agreement in film densities and film thicknesses is found, demonstrating the high levels of accuracy that can be obtained from coating analysis using the GIXA technique.
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    Multi-method characterization of soda-lime glass corrosion : Part 1. Analysis techniques and corrosion in liquid water Report of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) Subcommittee of Technical Committee 19 "Glass Surface Diagnostics"
    (Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2001) Bange, Klaus; Anderson, Olaf; Rauch, Friedrich; Lehuédé, Patrice; Rädlein, Edda; Tadokoro, Nobuyuki; Mazzoldi, Paolo; Rigato, Valentino; Matsumoto, Kiyoshi; Farnworth, Mark
    Corroded soda-lime float glass surfaces prepared in water (room temperature and 60 °C) or air (relative humidity of 95 %, 60 °C) for different times are invesdgated by means of SIMS, SNMS, XPS, NRA, ERD, RBS, GIXR, AFM, SEM, light microscopy and scratch testing. The corrosion effects are studied for as-received and cleaned glass surfaces. Changes in the dement concentration in the glass interfaces with the immersion time in water are described. They are combined with variations in density of the surface layer which exhibits plastic deformation behaviour. Inhomogeneous corrosion leads to changes in the topography and an increase in surface roughness.
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    Multi-method characterization of soda-lime glass corrosion : Part 2. Corrosion in humidity Report of the International Commissionon Glass (ICG) Subcommittee of Technical Committee 19 "Glass Surface Diagnostics"
    (Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2002) Bange, Klaus; Anderson, Olaf; Rauch, Friedrich; Lehuédé, Patrice; Rädlein, Edda; Tadokoro, Nobuyuki; Mazzoldi, Paolo; Rigato, Valentino; Matsumoto, Kiyoshi; Farnworth, Mark
    As-received and cleaned soda-lime glass surfaces corroded in high relative humidity of 95 % at a temperature of 60 °C for times up to one week are investigated by means of TOF-SIMS, SNMS, XPS, NRA, ERD, RBS, GIXR, AFM, SEM and optical microscopy. Distinct differences in the corrosion behavior are observed for as-received and cleaned glass surfaces. Changes in element concentration in the glass interface and in the topography of the glass surfaces are described for different exposure times in humidity. They are combined with variations in density of the modified surface layer. Cleaning before the corrosion treatment drastically reduces degradation; cleaning after the corrosion treatment can restore the surface.
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    Surface and depth profile analysis of insulating samples by TOF-SIMS
    (Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2004) Anderson, Olaf; Scheumann, Volker; Rothhaar, Uwe; Rupertus, Volker
    The functionahty of modern products made of glass, glass-ceramics, organics or other special materials is mainly dominated by the surface quality. A well defined lateral homogeneity of the surface stoichiometry is an important requirement for following addedvalue procedures, e.g. optical, mechanical or organic functional coatings. As a characterization tool the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) provides analytical information about the chemical matrix in the surface near region with a lateral and depth resolution on the nanometer scale. Corrosion, contamination, interaction with the environment or diffusion of material components are typical phenomena, which can be studied in detail. The results lead to a deeper knowledge of the microscopic material behavior which is one of the basics for the understanding of complex processes in the field of development and production. Typical applications demonstrate the variety of operating a TOF-SIMS analytic tool, which is optimized for the investigation of electrically high insulating sample Systems with various geometric appearance.
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    Surface topography of polished and oxide-coated BK-7 glasses investigated by atomic force microscopy
    (Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1993) Meyer, Ernst; Haefke, Henry; Güntherod, Hans-Joachim; Anderson, Olaf; Bange, Klaus
    BK-7 glass surfaces, with high polishing qualities, and TiO2 and Ta2O5 films deposited on these substrates by reactive evaporation and reactive ion plating, are investigated by atomic force microscopy. The surface topography imaged by this method is compared to results of transmission electron microscopy, stylus technique and interferometric investigations. Differences in the roughness of the glass surfaces can be analyzed. The topography of Ta2O5 layers is strongly determined by the glass surfaces, while the surfaces of TiO2 films are not influenced by the substrate, which suggests differences in the growth behaviour of both oxides.