Browsing by Author "Bange, Klaus"
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- ItemCharacterization of glass surfaces by X-ray reflectivity(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1997) Anderson, Olaf; Bange, KlausSurfaces of soda-lime and borosilicate glasses produced by the float technique as well as polished BK-7, fused silica and aluminosilicate glasses are investigated by means of grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry Thin layers are found at all surfaces with properties which differ significantly from the bulk properties of the respective material. Fused silica surfaces exhibit a hydrated layer with a thickness of approximately 17 nm and a slightly reduced density Α thin leached layer with a density of approximately 2 g*cm⁻³ is analyzed on BK 7 glass. Α variadon in the rms roughness between 0.7 and 1.5 nm is found for aluminosilicate glasses depending on the polishing procedure. Pronounced differences are obtained between the air and the tin bath side of soda-lime float glass, whereas for borosilicate float glass only small differences in density between the two sides of the glass are measurable. The evolution of the initial stages of corrosion is demonstrated on soda-lime glass in dependence on the storage time.
- ItemComposition of titania coatings deposited by different techniques(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1994) Laube, Michael; Wagner, Wolfgang; Rauch, Friedrich; Ottermann, Clemens; Bange, Klaus; Niederwald, HansjörgQuantitative dement concentrations in titania films produced by different deposition techniques (evaporation, sputtering, ion-assisted deposition, ion plating and dip coating) have been determined by means of Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry and Nuclear Reaction Analysis with the reaction ¹H(¹⁵N, αγ)¹²C. Large differences of the hydrogen content are found for the various production techniques and the related deposition parameters, which correlate with the refractive index of the respective film. In dependence on the deposition conditions the oxygen/titanium ratio of the investigated titania films varies between 1.95 and 2.09. The impurities detected in the films (tantalum, molybdenum, silicon, argon, carbon, sodium) can be related to specific deposition conditions. Three multilayer interference systems containing TiO₂ and SiO₂ show large variations in hydrogen content resembling those found for single TiO₂ films.
- ItemGrazing incidence X-ray reflectivity - a Round Robin test : Report of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) Technical Committee 19 "Glass Surface Diagnostics"(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2004) Anderson, Olaf; Bange, Klaus; Germain, Bruno; Lehuédé, Patrice; Farnworth, MarkDensities and thicknesses of films of five different layer systems were determined in a grazing incidence X-ray analysis (GIXA) Round Robin test carried out by three industrial laboratories. The influence of both the experimental setup and the simulation software on these results is compared for the identical set of samples. Two approaches are adopted; firstly each laboratory measuring and simulating its own data and secondly each laboratory simulating the data that had been measured by another laboratory. The measured data from the three laboratories are analyzed and reasons proposed to explain the relatively minor differences between them. Comparisons are also made between the simulations produced from the two approaches to determine variations and any systematic bias between the three laboratories. Overall, good agreement in film densities and film thicknesses is found, demonstrating the high levels of accuracy that can be obtained from coating analysis using the GIXA technique.
- ItemMulti-method characterization of soda-lime glass corrosion : Part 1. Analysis techniques and corrosion in liquid water Report of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) Subcommittee of Technical Committee 19 "Glass Surface Diagnostics"(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2001) Bange, Klaus; Anderson, Olaf; Rauch, Friedrich; Lehuédé, Patrice; Rädlein, Edda; Tadokoro, Nobuyuki; Mazzoldi, Paolo; Rigato, Valentino; Matsumoto, Kiyoshi; Farnworth, MarkCorroded soda-lime float glass surfaces prepared in water (room temperature and 60 °C) or air (relative humidity of 95 %, 60 °C) for different times are invesdgated by means of SIMS, SNMS, XPS, NRA, ERD, RBS, GIXR, AFM, SEM, light microscopy and scratch testing. The corrosion effects are studied for as-received and cleaned glass surfaces. Changes in the dement concentration in the glass interfaces with the immersion time in water are described. They are combined with variations in density of the surface layer which exhibits plastic deformation behaviour. Inhomogeneous corrosion leads to changes in the topography and an increase in surface roughness.
- ItemMulti-method characterization of soda-lime glass corrosion : Part 2. Corrosion in humidity Report of the International Commissionon Glass (ICG) Subcommittee of Technical Committee 19 "Glass Surface Diagnostics"(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2002) Bange, Klaus; Anderson, Olaf; Rauch, Friedrich; Lehuédé, Patrice; Rädlein, Edda; Tadokoro, Nobuyuki; Mazzoldi, Paolo; Rigato, Valentino; Matsumoto, Kiyoshi; Farnworth, MarkAs-received and cleaned soda-lime glass surfaces corroded in high relative humidity of 95 % at a temperature of 60 °C for times up to one week are investigated by means of TOF-SIMS, SNMS, XPS, NRA, ERD, RBS, GIXR, AFM, SEM and optical microscopy. Distinct differences in the corrosion behavior are observed for as-received and cleaned glass surfaces. Changes in element concentration in the glass interface and in the topography of the glass surfaces are described for different exposure times in humidity. They are combined with variations in density of the modified surface layer. Cleaning before the corrosion treatment drastically reduces degradation; cleaning after the corrosion treatment can restore the surface.
- ItemProblem-oriented analysis of oxide layers on glass(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1997) Bange, KlausSome representative characteristics of oxide coatings deposited on glass by different techniques have been described as well as several relevant methods of thin film analysis to determine their properties. Various special requirements of thin film analysis of oxide layers have briefly been outlined and the problem-solving process has been indicated. The potential of the problem-oriented use of the methods of thin film analysis has been demonstrated on the film properties composition, stress and density. The film density, which is determined by the deposition methods and production parameters, seems to be a key quantity which determines various other corresponding film properties.
- ItemThickness of thin films on glass - a round robin test : Report of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) Technical Committee 19 "Glass Surface Diagnostics"(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2005) Rupertus, Volker; Bange, Klaus; Farnworth, Mark; Lehuede, Patrice; Mazzoldi, Paolo; Vomiero, Alberto; Tadokoro, Nobuyuki; Takeda, Satoshi; Pantano, Carlo; Mea, Gianantonio DellaThe film thicknesses of five different layer Systems on glass Substrates were analyzed and determined in a multi-method approach by eight different university and industrial laboratories. The total coating thicknesses varied between a few nm up to some 100 nm. The measurements give information about the chemical composition and cover a wide spectrum of typical coating application on glasses. The results of the different laboratories and methods are compared and the challenges and limits of the various analytical techniques are discussed.