Browsing by Author "Mai, Andreas"
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- ItemCMOS-Compatible Silicon Photonic Sensor for Refractive Index Sensing Using Local Back-Side Release(New York, NY : IEEE, 2020) Steglich, Patrick; Bondarenko, Siegfried; Mai, Christian; Paul, Martin; Weller, Michael G.; Mai, AndreasSilicon photonic sensors are promising candidates for lab-on-a-chip solutions with versatile applications and scalable production prospects using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication methods. However, the widespread use has been hindered because the sensing area adjoins optical and electrical components making packaging and sensor handling challenging. In this work, a local back-side release of the photonic sensor is employed, enabling a separation of the sensing area from the rest of the chip. This approach allows preserving the compatibility of photonic integrated circuits in the front-end of line and metal interconnects in the back-end of line. The sensor is based on a micro-ring resonator and is fabricated on wafer-level using a CMOS technology. We revealed a ring resonator sensitivity for homogeneous sensing of 106 nm/RIU. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
- ItemDirect observation and simultaneous use of linear and quadratic electro-optical effects(Bristol : IOP Publ., 2020) Steglich, Patrick; Mai, Christian; Villringer, Claus; Mai, AndreasWe report on the direct observation and simultaneous use of the linear and quadratic electro-optical effect and propose a method by which higher-order susceptibilities of electro-optical materials can be determined. The evaluation is based on the separation of the second- and third-order susceptibilities and the experimental technique uses a slot waveguide ring resonator fabricated in integrated photonic circuit technology, which is embedded by a guest-host polymer system consisting of the azobenzene dye Disperse Red 1 in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix as an active electro-optical material. The contribution of both effects on the electro-optical response under the influence of static and time-varying electrical fields is investigated. We show that the quadratic electro-optical effect has a significant influence on the overall electro-optical response even with acentric molecular orientated molecules. Our findings have important implications for developing electro-optical devices based on polymer-filled slot waveguides and give rise to advanced photonic circuits. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
- ItemFrom Lab-on-chip to Lab-in-App: Challenges towards silicon photonic biosensors product developments(Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2022) Mai, Andreas; Mai, Christian; Steglich, PatrickThis work presents and evaluates different approaches of integrated optical sensors based on photonic integrated circuit (PIC) technologies for refractive index sensing. Bottlenecks in the fabrication flow towards an applicable system are discussed that hinder a cost-effective mass-production for disposable sensor chips. As sensor device, a waveguide coupled micro-ring based approach is chosen which is manufactured in an 8” wafer level process. We will show that the co-integration with a reproducible, scalable and low-cost microfluidic interface is the main challenge which needs to be overcome for future application of silicon technology based PIC sensor chips.
- ItemModulating the Filamentary-Based Resistive Switching Properties of HfO2 Memristive Devices by Adding Al2O3 Layers(Basel : MDPI, 2022) Kalishettyhalli Mahadevaiah, Mamathamba; Perez, Eduardo; Lisker, Marco; Schubert, Markus Andreas; Perez-Bosch Quesada, Emilio; Wenger, Christian; Mai, AndreasThe resistive switching properties of HfO2 based 1T-1R memristive devices are electrically modified by adding ultra-thin layers of Al2 O3 into the memristive device. Three different types of memristive stacks are fabricated in the 130 nm CMOS technology of IHP. The switching properties of the memristive devices are discussed with respect to forming voltages, low resistance state and high resistance state characteristics and their variabilities. The experimental I–V characteristics of set and reset operations are evaluated by using the quantum point contact model. The properties of the conduction filament in the on and off states of the memristive devices are discussed with respect to the model parameters obtained from the QPC fit.
- ItemOn-Chip Dispersion Measurement of the Quadratic Electro-Optic Effect in Nonlinear Optical Polymers Using a Photonic Integrated Circuit Technology(New York, NY : IEEE, 2019) Steglich, Patrick; Villringer, Claus; Dietzel, Birgit; Mai, Christian; Schrader, Sigurd; Casalboni, Mauro; Mai, AndreasA novel method to determine the dispersion of the quadratic electro-optic effect in nonlinear optical materials by using a silicon-on-insulator microring resonator is presented. The microring consists of a silicon slot waveguide enabling large dc electric field strength at low applied voltages. The dispersion of third-order hyperpolarizability of a linear conjugated dye is approximated by using a two-level model for the off-resonant spectral region. As an example, the dispersion of the resonance wavelength of the resonator filled with a dye doped polymer was measured in dependence of the applied dc voltage. The polymer was poly (methylmethacrylate) doped with 5 wt% disperse red 1 (DR1), and the measurements have been carried out at the telecommunication wavelength band around 1550 nm (optical C-band). The described measurements represent a new technique to determine the dispersion of the third-order susceptibility and molecular hyperpolarizability of the material filled into the slot of the ring-resonator. © 2019 IEEE.
- ItemOptical biosensors based on silicon-on-insulator ring resonators: A review(Basel : MDPI, 2019) Steglich, Patrick; Hülsemann, Marcel; Dietzel, Birgit; Mai, AndreasRecent developments in optical biosensors based on integrated photonic devices are reviewed with a special emphasis on silicon-on-insulator ring resonators. The review is mainly devoted to the following aspects: (1) Principles of sensing mechanism, (2) sensor design, (3) biofunctionalization procedures for specific molecule detection and (4) system integration and measurement set-ups. The inherent challenges of implementing photonics-based biosensors to meet specific requirements of applications in medicine, food analysis, and environmental monitoring are discussed. © 2019 by the authors.
- ItemSilicon-organic hybrid photonics: Overview of recent advances, electro-optical effects and CMOS-integration concepts(Bristol : IOP Publishing, 2021) Steglich, Patrick; Mai, Christian; Villringer, Claus; Dietzel, Birgit; Bondarenko, Siegfried; Ksianzou, Viachaslau; Villasmunta, Francesco; Zesch, Christoph; Pulwer, Silvio; Burger, Martin; Bauer, Joachim; Heinrich, Friedhelm; Schrader, Sigurd; Vitale, Francesco; De Matteis, Fabio; Prosposito, Paolo; Casalboni, Mauro; Mai, AndreasIn recent decades, much research effort has been invested in the development of photonic integrated circuits, and silicon-on-insulator technology has been established as a reliable platform for highly scalable silicon-based electro-optical modulators. However, the performance of such devices is restricted by the inherent material properties of silicon. An approach to overcoming these deficiencies is to integrate organic materials with exceptionally high optical nonlinearities into a silicon-on-insulator photonic platform. Silicon–organic hybrid photonics has been shown to overcome the drawbacks of silicon-based modulators in terms of operating speed, bandwidth, and energy consumption. This work reviews recent advances in silicon–organic hybrid photonics and covers the latest improvements to single components and device concepts. Special emphasis is given to the in-device performance of novel electro-optical polymers and the use of different electro-optical effects, such as the linear and quadratic electro-optical effect, as well as the electric-field-induced linear electro-optical effect. Finally, the inherent challenges of implementing non-linear optical polymers on a silicon photonic platform are discussed and a perspective for future directions is given.