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- ItemSensor for oxygen activity measurements in glass melts(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1991) Müller-Simon, Hayo; Mergler, Kurt W.Traditional oxygen activity measurement in glass melts is based on Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 which, in continuous use in the glassworks, is subjected to considerable wear. The present paper describes an oxygen sensor that is not equipped with wear parts. The new sensor is far less sensitive to temperature gradients in the surrounding area than ZrO2 sensors; the oxygen measurement, however, is greatly disturbed at direct flame irradiation.
- ItemTemperature dependence of amber color generation in soda-lime-silica glass(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 2000) Müller-Simon, HayoRecently, spectroscopic investigations in the UV-VIS range showed that the amber chromophore in soda-lime-silica glass vanishes with increasing temperature. Oxygen balance calculations have been carried out in order to explain this behavior thermodynamically. The calculations yield that, based on the available standard reaction enthalpies and standard reaction entropies, the product of the ferric and sulfide concentrations decreases with increasing temperature.
- ItemTemperature dependence of the redox State of iron and sulfur in amber glass melts(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1997) Müller-Simon, HayoIn industrially melted amber glass the logarithm [Fe²⁺]/[Fe³⁺] shows no linear dependence on the logarithm of oxygen partial pressure. This nonlinearity is due to the interaction between iron and sulfur which can be described by means of a simple oxygen balance model. The change of chemically dissolved oxygen as a function of the oxygen partial pressure depends on the redox State and has a minimum at intermediate oxygen partial pressures. In this region small variations of the reducing additions in the batch cause large variations of the oxygen partial pressure.
- ItemSelenium flow in the melting of flint glass Containers(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1996) Müller-Simon, Hayo; Kirchner, Ulrich[no abstract available]
- ItemOn-line determination of the iron concentration in industrial amber glass melts(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1995) Müller-Simon, Hayo; Mergler, Kurt WilhelmA sensor has been developed in order to measure the concentration of polyvalent elements on-hne in industrial glass melts. The sensor has been tested on iron in an amber glass melt. A method has been developed in order to determine the area of the measuring electrode, which can change due to glass level variation. The accuracy of the iron determination by means of the voltammetric sensor has been found half the accuracy of x-ray fluorescence analysis.
- ItemPractical strength of glass containers. Part 2. Influence of handling(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1994) Wagner, Jörg; Müller-Simon, Hayo; Lenhart, ArminThe practical strength of container glass depends not only on the stress distribution at the surface, but also on the type and distribution of surface defects. After the elimination of the influence of the container shape by means of finite element methods, different types of defect show a different behaviour in the Weibull plot. This behaviour can be used to compare different handling materials. The materials used at the cold end cause no measurable weakening of the strength. A special type of defect could be associated with the transfer conveyour belt. Carbon and brass were compared as deadplate materials without finding a specific influence on the container strength.
- ItemVoltammetric sensor for glass tanks(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1992) Zink, Marianne; Rüssel, Christian; Müller-Simon, Hayo; Mergler, Kurt WilhelmVoltammetric methods formerly solely applied to laboratory experiments were used for measurements in a green glass tank. The applied experimental parameters had to be restricted to step times of 20 ms or more using square-wave voltammetry and frequencies of 35 s^-1 or lower using alternating current voltammetry. Within these limitations, the voltammetric sensor used was fairly suitable for these measurements. The adjustment of the electrode area, i.e. the dip-in length of the electrodes, could easily be controlled by conductivity measurements between the electrodes. The obtained voltammetric curves were fairly similar to those obtained from laboratory experiments and were predominantly affected by the iron concentration of the glass melt.
- ItemOn the interaction between oxygen, iron and sulfur in industrial glass melts(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1994) Müller-Simon, HayoThe oxidation state of iron in industrially molten glasses has been investigated in the cold glass and related to the oxygen activity in the glass melt. The prediction of the oxidation state of iron in the cold glass from the measured oxygen activity in the glass melt is disturbed in such a way that in oxidized molten glasses the Fe²⁺ content and in amber glasses the Fe³⁺ content increase during cooling. This behavior can be explained by an interaction due to the oxidation reactions of sulfur known from the literature during cooling. The reaction constants result in electrochemical standard potentials which agree with voltammetric studies.
- ItemElectrochemical measurements of oxygen activity of glass melts in glass melting furnaces(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1988) Müller-Simon, Hayo; Mergler, Kurt W.The electrochemical determination of the oxygen activity of a glass melt by a stabilized ZrO2 sensor was established as an online measurement in a working chamber and a feeder channel. Α method is described to take the temperature difference between the sensor's electrodes into account. In green glass a correlation between the oxygen activity and Fe2+/Fetot ratio, in amber glass a correlation between oxygen activity and Cr2O3 content are found.
- ItemStrength optimization of glass containers by the finite element method(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1988) Müller-Simon, Hayo; Barklage-Hilgefort, HansjürgenΑ finite element program to calculate the wall stresses of container glass with respect to axial loads and internal pressure loads has been installed in a microcomputer. The stress calculations are based on a modified shell element. The efficiency of this element type as well as the working properties of the finite element program were tested. Sample bottles and the corresponding bursting pressure data were available for this investigation. From these data, maximum permissible wall stresses were calculated with the finite element program. The results were found to be in the same range as those stated in the literature. The finite element program gives a fast and sufficiently accurate prediction of the influence of changes in glass container outline or glass distribution by calculation.