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- ItemThe usability of a pressure-indicating film to measure the teat load caused by a collapsing liner(Basel : MDPI, 2016) Demba, Susanne; Sabrina, Sabrina; Ammon, Christian; Rose-Meierhöfer, SandraPrevention of damage to the teat and mastitis requires determination of the teat load caused by a collapsing liner. The aim of this study was to test a pressure-indicating film designed to measure the pressure between a collapsing liner and artificial teats. The Ultra Super Low and the Extreme Low pressure-indicating films were tested on two types of artificial teat. The experiments were performed with a conventional milking cluster equipped with round silicone liners. For each teat and film type, 30 repetitions were performed. Each repetition was performed with a new piece of film. Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to detect differences between the pressure values for the different teats. The area of regions where pressure-indication color developed was calculated to determine the most suitable film type. Both film types measured the pressure applied to both artificial teats by the teat cup liner. Thus, the pressure-indicating films can be used to measure the pressure between a collapsing liner and an artificial teat. Based on the results of the present investigation, a pressure-indicating film with the measurement ranges of both film types combined would be an optimal tool to measure the overall pressure between an artificial teat and a collapsing liner.
- ItemAssessment of continuous vaginal logger-based temperature monitoring in fever-induced gilts(Dubai : Science Publications, 2013) Schmidt, Mariana; Ammon, Christian; Schon, Peter; Manteuffel, Christian; Hoffmann, GundulaThe aim of this study was to identify a low risk method to induce fever in gilts and to evaluate vaginal sensors for temperature monitoring. Therefore, a rhinitis atrophicans vaccine was used to induce fever to evaluate sensors and behavioral patterns. During 11 trials, two of four animals were injected with 2 mL of the vaccine Porcilis AR-T DF (Intervet) and the other two animals were treated with 2 mL of 0.9% NaCl as controls. A temperature logger (TRIX-8, LogTag Recorders, Auckland, New Zealand) was used to continuously monitor the vaginal temperature. Additionally, rectal temperatures were measured four times daily. The water consumption, food intake and locomotion behaviors of the animals were analysed one day before treatment and during the day of the treatment. The vaccine induced fever in all gilts, which occurred approximately 5.87 h after vaccination. The vaginal logger temperatures and the rectal temperatures showed a linear correlation in 21 vaccinated gilts (r = 0.86; p<0.0001) and 22 non-vaccinated gilts (r = 0.65; P<0.0001). The vaginal logger can be continuously used to measure the core temperature. Water intake decreased (p<0.0001) in the gilts with fever, whereas food intake did not change (p = 0.9411). The vaccinated gilts spent 79±16 more minutes per day lying after the vaccination (p<0.001) in comparison to the day before the vaccination. Treatment with this vaccine provides the opportunity to induce fever over a short time period (5.13 h) and mild sickness behavior in gilts to investigate disease indicators.
- ItemAwassi sheep keeping in the Arabic steppe in relation to nitrous oxide emission from soil(Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2013) Hijazi, Omar; Berg, Werner; Moussa, Samouil; Ammon, Christian; von Bobrutzki, Kristina; Brunsch, ReinerSheep husbandry is the main source of income for farmers in arid zones. Increasing sheep production on steppes may increase the greenhouse gas production. The objective of this study was to investigate the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the steppes for Awassi sheep keeping and feed cropping in arid zones such as Syria. The methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was used to estimate N2O emissions. A survey was conducted on 64 farms in Syria to gather data for analysis. Precipitation and crop yield data from 2001 to 2009 were also used for calculation and modelling. Sheep-keeping systems, precipitation, year and the region have significant effects on N2O emissions (p<0.05). Emissions of N2O from lands with extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems were 0.30 ± 0.093, 0.598± 0.113 and 2.243± 0.187 kg sheep1year1, respectively. Crop production was higher in regions with high precipitation levels, which helped to reduce N2O emissions. Using more residuals of wheat, cotton and soya as feed for sheep in the keeping systems evaluated may decrease the overuse of steppe regions and N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions of N2O from sheep-keeping areas can be reduced by changing sheep-keeping systems and increasing the crop production in arid zones through artificial irrigation.
- ItemViertelindividuelle Vakuumapplikation für moderne Melksysteme(Darmstadt : KTBL, 2012) Ströbel, Ulrich; Rose-Meierhöfer, Sandra; Hoffmann, Gundula; Ammon, Christian; Amon, Thomas; Brunsch, ReinerDurch den Einsatz von viertelindividueller Melktechnik können die Bedingungen für Melkpersonal und Kühe erheblich verbessert werden. Die getrennte Schlauchführung für die Milch aus den vier Eutervierteln bietet deutliche Vorteile für die technische Weiterentwicklung dieser Melksysteme. Im Folgenden wird der Prototyp eines viertelindividuellen Melksystems mit Vakuumregelungseinheit vorgestellt, der eine milchflussabhängige, präzise Vakuumanpassung für jedes Euterviertel, verbunden mit einer hohen Rate von Sollwert-Istwert-Abgleichen durch die Regelungseinheit, ermöglicht.
- ItemLuftgeschwindigkeit und Hitzebelastung im Milchviehstall - Auswirkungen auf das Tierwohl(Darmstadt : KTBL, 2012) Fiedler, Merike; Hoffmann, Gundula; Loebsin, Christiane; Berg, Werner; von Bobrutzki, Kristina; Ammon, Christian; Amon, ThomasDas Stallklima hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf das Wohlbefinden und die Leistungsfähigkeit von Milchkühen. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden Stallklimamessungen innerhalb und außerhalb eines frei gelüfteten Milchviehstalls, mit dem Fokus auf der Luftgeschwindigkeit im Fress- und Liegebereich, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die untersuchten Stallbereiche aufgrund der heterogen auftretenden Luftgeschwindigkeiten unterschiedlich belüftet wurden. Des Weiteren wurden die Stallklimamessungen mit physiologischen Tierparametern korreliert, um sie in Bezug auf das thermische Wohlbefinden der Tiere interpretieren zu können. An heißen Tagen wichen die analysierten Parameter deutlich von den übrigen Tagen ab.
- ItemAnwendung der Infrarotthermografie bei ferkelführenden Sauen(Darmstadt : KTBL, 2013) Schmidt, Mariana; Hoffmann, Gundula; Ammon, Christian; Schön, Peter; Manteuffel, Christian; Amon, ThomasIn der Nutztierpraxis gilt die Rektaltemperatur als einer der wichtigsten Indikatoren für die Tiergesundheit. Die rektale Temperaturmessung ist jedoch zeitaufwendig und erfordert direkten Tierkontakt. Die Infrarotthermografie (IR-Thermografie) stellt hingegen eine nichtinvasive, kontaktlose Methode dar, um die Körpertemperatur zu messen. Ein Versuch an Sauen im Abferkelbereich unter Praxisbedingungen hat gezeigt, dass sich die Körperregionen Auge und Ohrrücken zur Erfassung der Körpertemperatur mittels IR-Thermografie gut eignen. Damit kann die IR-Thermografie einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur gezielten Krankheitsprävention und zur Verbesserung des Tierwohls ferkeIführender Sauen leisten.
- ItemComparison of the effects of quarter-individual and conventional milking systems on milkability traits(München : European Geopyhsical Union, 2011) Müller, Anika B.; Rose-Meierhöfer, Sandra; Ammon, Christian; Brunsch, ReinerThis study was carried out to investigate a new quarter-individual milking system called MultiLactor® (Siliconform GmbH, Türkheim, Germany). The MultiLactor enables milking on quarter level basis with low vacuum (37 kPa), sequential pulsation and periodic air inlet. Within the same dairy farm, the influence of this quarter-individual milking system (MULTI) on milkability traits was compared with a conventional milking system (CON). CON was equipped with a conventional milking cluster and used alternating pulsation. Vacuum level was adjusted to 40 kPa. For the study, 84 Holstein Friesian cows were randomly selected and uniformly divided into two herds. During the 30-week survey, the milk flow curves were recorded every other week by using a LactoCorder (WMB, Balgach, Switzerland). Significant differences (P<0.05) between both milking systems were found for all milk flow traits, except for milk yield and decline phase. Concerning the incline (tAN) and plateau (tPL) phase, large differences existed between MULTI and CON. The estimated value of tAN calculated for MULTI (29.4 s) took only half of the time when calculated for CON (56.4 s). The estimated value of tPL at CON was reduced by 1.43 min (35 %) compared to MULTI. Milking process at MULTI (8.49 min) took longer time than for CON (7.43 min). From the study, it was concluded that the effect of shorter tAN in the quarter-individual milked cows may be related to additional prestimulation by an actuator. In contrast, the longer milking time in MULTI is possibly caused by lower vacuum level and periodic air inlet.