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- ItemCopper Iodide on Spacer Fabrics as Textile Thermoelectric Device for Energy Generation(Basel : MDPI, 2022) Schmidl, Gabriele; Jia, Guobin; Gawlik, Annett; Lorenz, Philipp; Zieger, Gabriel; Dellith, Jan; Diegel, Marco; Plentz, JonathanThe integration of electronic functionalities into textiles for use as wearable sensors, energy harvesters, or coolers has become increasingly important in recent years. A special focus is on efficient thermoelectric materials. Copper iodide as a p-type thermoelectrically active, nontoxic material is attractive for energy harvesting and energy generation because of its transparency and possible high-power factor. The deposition of CuI on polyester spacer fabrics by wet chemical processes represents a great potential for use in textile industry for example as flexible thermoelectric energy generators in the leisure or industrial sector as well as in medical technologies. The deposited material on polyester yarn is investigated by electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and by thermoelectric measurements. The Seebeck coefficient was observed between 112 and 153 µV/K in a temperature range between 30 °C and 90 °C. It is demonstrated that the maximum output power reached 99 nW at temperature difference of 65.5 K with respect to room temperature for a single textile element. However, several elements can be connected in series and the output power can be linear upscaled. Thus, CuI coated on 3D spacer fabrics can be attractive to fabricate thermoelectric devices especially in the lower temperature range for textile medical or leisure applications.
- ItemAluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Improved by Silver Nanowires for Flexible, Semitransparent and Conductive Electrodes on Textile with High Temperature Stability(Basel : MDPI, 2023) Hupfer, Maximilian Lutz; Gawlik, Annett; Dellith, Jan; Plentz, JonathanIn order to facilitate the design freedom for the implementation of textile-integrated electronics, we seek flexible transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) that can withstand not only the mechanical stresses encountered during use but also the thermal stresses of post-treatment. The transparent conductive oxides (TCO) typically used for this purpose are rigid in comparison to the fibers or textiles they are intended to coat. In this paper, a TCO, specifically aluminum-doped zinc oxide (Al:ZnO), is combined with an underlying layer of silver nanowires (Ag-NW). This combination brings together the advantages of a closed, conductive Al:ZnO layer and a flexible Ag-NW layer, forming a TCE. The result is a transparency of 20–25% (within the 400–800 nm range) and a sheet resistance of 10 Ω/sq that remains almost unchanged, even after post-treatment at 180 °C.
- ItemModification of Surface Bond Au Nanospheres by Chemically and Plasmonically Induced Pd Deposition(Basel : MDPI, 2021) Stolle, Heike Lisa Kerstin Stephanie; Csáki, Andrea; Dellith, Jan; Fritzsche, WolfgangIn this work we investigated methods of modifying gold nanospheres bound to a silicon surface by depositing palladium onto the surfaces of single nanoparticles. Bimetallic Au-Pd nanoparticles can thus be gained for use in catalysis or sensor technology. For Pd deposition, two methods were chosen. The first method was the reduction of palladium acetate by ascorbic acid, in which the amounts of palladium acetate and ascorbic acid were varied. In the second method we utilized light-induced metal deposition by making use of the plasmonic effect. Through this method, the surface bond nanoparticles were irradiated with light of wavelengths capable of inducing plasmon resonance. The generation of hot electrons on the particle surface then reduced the palladium acetate in the vicinity of the gold nanoparticle, resulting in palladium-covered gold nanospheres. In our studies we demonstrated the effect of both enhancement methods by monitoring the particle heights over enhancement time by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and investigated the influence of ascorbic acid/Pd acetate concentration as well as the impact of the irradiated wavelengths on the enhancement effect. It could thus be proven that both methods were valid for obtaining a deposition of Pd on the surface of the gold nanoparticles. Deposition of Pd on the gold particles using the light-assisted method could be observed, indicating the impact of the plasmonic effect and hot electron for Pd acetate reduction on the gold particle surface. In the case of the reduction method with ascorbic acid, in addition to Pd deposition on the gold nanoparticle surface, larger pure Pd particles and extended clusters were also generated. The reduction with ascorbic acid however led to a considerably thicker Pd layer of up to 54 nm in comparison to up to 11 nm for the light-induced metal deposition with light resonant to the particle absorption wavelength. Likewise, it could be demonstrated that light of non-resonant wavelengths was not capable of initiating Pd deposition, since a growth of only 1.6 nm (maximum) was observed for the Pd layer.
- ItemLarge area graphene deposition on hydrophobic surfaces, flexible textiles, glass fibers, 3D structures, and adhesion of graphene layer(Basel : MDPI, 2019) Jia, Guobin; Plentz, Jonathan; Dellith, Jan; Dellith, Andrea; Wahyuono, Ruri Agung; Andrä, GudrunGraphene and its derivatives have many superior electrical, thermal, mechanical, chemical, and structural properties, and promise for many applications. One of the issues for scalable applications is the lack of a simple, reliable method that allows the deposit of a well-ordered monolayer using low-cost graphene flakes onto target substrates with different surface properties. Another issue is the adhesion of the deposited graphene thin film, which has not been well investigated yet. Following our former finding of a double self-assembly (DSA) process for efficient deposition of a monolayer of graphene flakes (MGFs), in this work we demonstrate that the DSA process can be applied even on very challenging samples including highly hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), flexible textiles, complex 3D objects, and thin glass fibers. Additionally, we tested adhesion of the graphene flakes on the flat glass substrate by scotch tape peel test of the MGFs. The results show that the graphene flakes adhere quite well on the flat glass substrate and most of the graphene flakes stay on the glass. These findings may trigger many large-scale applications of low-cost graphene feedstocks and other 2D materials.
- ItemMultimode Fabry-Perot Interferometer Probe based on Vernier Effect for Enhanced Temperature Sensing(Basel : MDPI, 2019) Gomes, André D.; Becker, Martin; Dellith, Jan; Zibaii, Mohammad Ismail; Latifi, Hamid; Rothhardt, Manfred; Bartelt, Hartmut; Frazão, OrlandoNew miniaturized sensors for biological and medical applications must be adapted to the measuring environments and they should provide a high measurement resolution to sense small changes. The Vernier effect is an effective way of magnifying the sensitivity of a device, allowing for higher resolution sensing. We applied this concept to the development of a small-size optical fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer probe that presents more than 60-fold higher sensitivity to temperature than the normal Fabry–Perot interferometer without the Vernier effect. This enables the sensor to reach higher temperature resolutions. The silica Fabry–Perot interferometer is created by focused ion beam milling of the end of a tapered multimode fiber. Multiple Fabry–Perot interferometers with shifted frequencies are generated in the cavity due to the presence of multiple modes. The reflection spectrum shows two main components in the Fast Fourier transform that give rise to the Vernier effect. The superposition of these components presents an enhancement of sensitivity to temperature. The same effect is also obtained by monitoring the reflection spectrum node without any filtering. A temperature sensitivity of −654 pm/°C was obtained between 30 °C and 120 °C, with an experimental resolution of 0.14 °C. Stability measurements are also reported.