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    The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra
    (London : Institute of Physics Publ., 2020) Ahumada, Romina; Prieto, Carlos Allende; Almeida, Andrés; Anders, Friedrich; Anderson, Scott F.; Andrews, Brett H.; Anguiano, Borja; Arcodia, Riccardo; Armengaud, Eric; Aubert, Marie; Avila, Santiago; Garcia, Rafael A.; García-Hernández, D.A.; Oehmichen, Luis Alberto Garma; Ge, Junqiang; Maia, Marcio Antonio Geimba; Geisler, Doug; Gelfand, Joseph; Goddy, Julian; Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta; Grabowski, Kathleen; Avila-Reese, Vladimir; Green, Paul; Grier, Catherine J.; Guo, Hong; Guy, Julien; Harding, Paul; Hasselquist, Sten; Hawken, Adam James; Hayes, Christian R.; Hearty, Fred; Hekker, S.; Badenes, Carles; Hogg, David W.; Holtzman, Jon A.; Horta, Danny; Hou, Jiamin; Hsieh, Bau-Ching; Huber, Daniel; Hunt, Jason A. S.; Chitham, J. Ider; Imig, Julie; Jaber, Mariana; Balland, Christophe; Angel, Camilo Eduardo Jimenez; Johnson, Jennifer A.; Jones, Amy M.; Jönsson, Henrik; Jullo, Eric; Kim, Yerim; Kinemuchi, Karen; Kirkpatrick IV, Charles C.; Kite, George W.; Klaene, Mark; Barger, Kat; Kneib, Jean-Paul; Kollmeier, Juna A.; Kong, Hui; Kounkel, Marina; Krishnarao, Dhanesh; Lacerna, Ivan; Lan, Ting-Wen; Lane, Richard R.; Law, David R.; Le Goff, Jean-Marc; Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge K.; Leung, Henry W.; Lewis, Hannah; Li, Cheng; Lian, Jianhui; Lin, Lihwai; Long, Dan; Longa-Peña, Penélope; Lundgren, Britt; Lyke, Brad W.; Ted Mackereth, J.; Basu, Sarbani; MacLeod, Chelsea L.; Majewski, Steven R.; Manchado, Arturo; Maraston, Claudia; Martini, Paul; Masseron, Thomas; Masters, Karen L.; Mathur, Savita; McDermid, Richard M.; Merloni, Andrea; Bautista, Julian; Merrifield, Michael; Mészáros, Szabolcs; Miglio, Andrea; Minniti, Dante; Minsley, Rebecca; Miyaji, Takamitsu; Mohammad, Faizan Gohar; Mosser, Benoit; Mueller, Eva-Maria; Muna, Demitri; Beaton, Rachael L.; Muñoz-Gutiérrez, Andrea; Myers, Adam D.; Nadathur, Seshadri; Nair, Preethi; Nandra, Kirpal; do Nascimento, Janaina Correa; Nevin, Rebecca Jean; Newman, Jeffrey A.; Nidever, David L.; Nitschelm, Christian; Beers, Timothy C.; Noterdaeme, Pasquier; O’Connell, Julia E.; Olmstead, Matthew D.; Oravetz, Daniel; Oravetz, Audrey; Osorio, Yeisson; Pace, Zachary J.; Padilla, Nelson; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Palicio, Pedro A.; Benavides, B. Izamar T.; Pan, Hsi-An; Pan, Kaike; Parker, James; Paviot, Romain; Peirani, Sebastien; Ramŕez, Karla Peña; Penny, Samantha; Percival, Will J.; Perez-Fournon, Ismael; Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi; Bender, Chad F.; Petitjean, Patrick; Pieri, Matthew M.; Pinsonneault, Marc; Poovelil, Vijith Jacob; Povick, Joshua Tyler; Prakash, Abhishek; Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Raddick, M. Jordan; Raichoor, Anand; Ray, Amy; Bernardi, Mariangela; Rembold, Sandro Barboza; Rezaie, Mehdi; Riffel, Rogemar A.; Riffel, Rogério; Rix, Hans-Walter; Robin, Annie C.; Roman-Lopes, A.; Román-Zúñiga, Carlos; Rose, Benjamin; Ross, Ashley J.; Bershady, Matthew; Rossi, Graziano; Rowlands, Kate; Rubin, Kate H. R.; Salvato, Mara; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Sánchez-Menguiano, Laura; Sánchez-Gallego, José R.; Sayres, Conor; Schaefer, Adam; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Beutler, Florian; Schimoia, Jaderson S.; Schlafly, Edward; Schlegel, David; Schneider, Donald P.; Schultheis, Mathias; Schwope, Axel; Seo, Hee-Jong; Serenelli, Aldo; Shafieloo, Arman; Shamsi, Shoaib Jamal; Bidin, Christian Moni; Shao, Zhengyi; Shen, Shiyin; Shetrone, Matthew; Shirley, Raphael; Aguirre, Víctor Silva; Simon, Joshua D.; Skrutskie, M.F.; Slosar, Anže; Smethurst, Rebecca; Sobeck, Jennifer; Bird, Jonathan; Sodi, Bernardo Cervantes; Souto, Diogo; Stark, David V.; Stassun, Keivan G.; Steinmetz, Matthias; Stello, Dennis; Stermer, Julianna; Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa; Streblyanska, Alina; Stringfellow, Guy S.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Stutz, Amelia; Suárez, Genaro; Sun, Jing; Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr; Talbot, Michael S.; Tayar, Jamie; Thakar, Aniruddha R.; Theriault, Riley; Thomas, Daniel; Thomas, Zak C.; Blanc, Guillermo A.; Tinker, Jeremy; Tojeiro, Rita; Toledo, Hector Hernandez; Tremonti, Christy A.; Troup, Nicholas W.; Tuttle, Sarah; Unda-Sanzana, Eduardo; Valentini, Marica; Vargas-González, Jaime; Vargas-Magaña, Mariana; Blanton, Michael R.; Vázquez-Mata, Jose Antonio; Vivek, M.; Wake, David; Wang, Yuting; Weaver, Benjamin Alan; Weijmans, Anne-Marie; Wild, Vivienne; Wilson, John C.; Wilson, Robert F.; Wolthuis, Nathan; Boquien, Médéric; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; Yan, Renbin; Yang, Meng; Yèche, Christophe; Zamora, Olga; Zarrouk, Pauline; Zasowski, Gail; Zhang, Kai; Zhao, Cheng; Zhao, Gongbo; Borissova, Jura; Zheng, Zheng; Zheng, Zheng; Zhu, Guangtun; Zou, Hu; Bovy, Jo; Brandt, W. N.; Brinkmann, Jonathan; Brownstein, Joel R.; Bundy, Kevin; Bureau, Martin; Burgasser, Adam; Burtin, Etienne; Cano-Díaz, Mariana; Capasso, Raffaella; Cappellari, Michele; Carrera, Ricardo; Chabanier, Solène; Chaplin, William; Chapman, Michael; Cherinka, Brian; Chiappini, Cristina; Doohyun Choi, Peter; Chojnowski, S. Drew; Chung, Haeun; Clerc, Nicolas; Coffey, Damien; Comerford, Julia M.; Comparat, Johan; da Costa, Luiz; Cousinou, Marie-Claude; Covey, Kevin; Crane, Jeffrey D.; Cunha, Katia; Ilha, Gabriele da Silva; Dai, Yu Sophia; Damsted, Sanna B.; Darling, Jeremy; Davidson, James W.; Davies, Roger; Dawson, Kyle; De, Nikhil; de la Macorra, Axel; De Lee, Nathan; Queiroz, Anna Bárbara de Andrade; Deconto Machado, Alice; de la Torre, Sylvain; Dell’Agli, Flavia; du Mas des Bourboux, Hélion; Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M.; Dillon, Sean; Donor, John; Drory, Niv; Duckworth, Chris; Dwelly, Tom; Ebelke, Garrett; Eftekharzadeh, Sarah; Davis Eigenbrot, Arthur; Elsworth, Yvonne P.; Eracleous, Mike; Erfanianfar, Ghazaleh; Escoffier, Stephanie; Fan, Xiaohui; Farr, Emily; Fernández-Trincado, José G.; Feuillet, Diane; Finoguenov, Alexis; Fofie, Patricia; Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia; Frinchaboy, Peter M.; Fromenteau, Sebastien; Fu, Hai; Galbany, Lluís
    This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17).
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    HETDEX Public Source Catalog 1: 220 K Sources Including Over 50 K Lyα Emitters from an Untargeted Wide-area Spectroscopic Survey
    (London : Institute of Physics Publ., 2023) Mentuch Cooper, Erin; Gebhardt, Karl; Davis, Dustin; Farrow, Daniel J.; Liu, Chenxu; Zeimann, Gregory; Ciardullo, Robin; Feldmeier, John J.; Drory, Niv; Jeong, Donghui; Benda, Barbara; Bowman, William P.; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Chávez Ortiz, Óscar A.; Debski, Maya H.; Dentler, Mona; Fabricius, Maximilian; Farooq, Rameen; Finkelstein, Steven L.; Gawiser, Eric; Gronwall, Caryl; Hill, Gary J.; Hopp, Ulrich; House, Lindsay R.; Janowiecki, Steven; Khoraminezhad, Hasti; Kollatschny, Wolfram; Komatsu, Eiichiro; Landriau, Martin; Niemeyer, Maja Lujan; Lee, Hanshin; MacQueen, Phillip; Mawatari, Ken; McKay, Brianna; Ouchi, Masami; Poppe, Jennifer; Saito, Shun; Schneider, Donald P.; Snigula, Jan; Thomas, Benjamin P.; Tuttle, Sarah; Urrutia, Tanya; Weiss, Laurel; Wisotzki, Lutz; Zhang, Yechi
    We present the first publicly released catalog of sources obtained from the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX). HETDEX is an integral field spectroscopic survey designed to measure the Hubble expansion parameter and angular diameter distance at 1.88 < z < 3.52 by using the spatial distribution of more than a million Lyα-emitting galaxies over a total target area of 540 deg2. The catalog comes from contiguous fiber spectra coverage of 25 deg2 of sky from 2017 January through 2020 June, where object detection is performed through two complementary detection methods: one designed to search for line emission and the other a search for continuum emission. The HETDEX public release catalog is dominated by emission-line galaxies and includes 51,863 Lyα-emitting galaxy (LAE) identifications and 123,891 [O ii]-emitting galaxies at z < 0.5. Also included in the catalog are 37,916 stars, 5274 low-redshift (z < 0.5) galaxies without emission lines, and 4976 active galactic nuclei. The catalog provides sky coordinates, redshifts, line identifications, classification information, line fluxes, [O ii] and Lyα line luminosities where applicable, and spectra for all identified sources processed by the HETDEX detection pipeline. Extensive testing demonstrates that HETDEX redshifts agree to within Δz < 0.02, 96.1% of the time to those in external spectroscopic catalogs. We measure the photometric counterpart fraction in deep ancillary Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging and find that only 55.5% of the LAE sample has an r-band continuum counterpart down to a limiting magnitude of r ∼ 26.2 mag (AB) indicating that an LAE search of similar sensitivity to HETDEX with photometric preselection would miss nearly half of the HETDEX LAE catalog sample. Data access and details about the catalog can be found online at http://hetdex.org/. A copy of the catalogs presented in this work (Version 3.2) is available to download at Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.7448504.
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    The HETDEX Instrumentation: Hobby-Eberly Telescope Wide-field Upgrade and VIRUS
    (London : Institute of Physics Publ., 2021) Hill, Gary J.; Lee, Hanshin; MacQueen, Phillip J.; Kelz, Andreas; Drory, Niv; Vattiat, Brian L.; Good, John M.; Ramsey, Jason; Kriel, Herman; Peterson, Trent; DePoy, D. L.; Gebhardt, Karl; Marshall, J. L.; Tuttle, Sarah E.; Bauer, Svend M.; Chonis, Taylor S.; Fabricius, Maximilian H.; Froning, Cynthia; Häuser, Marco; Indahl, Briana L.; Jahn, Thomas; Landriau, Martin; Leck, Ron; Montesano, Francesco; Prochaska, Travis; Snigula, Jan M.; Zeimann, Greg; Bryant, Randy; Damm, George; Fowler, J. R.; Janowiecki, Steven; Martin, Jerry; Mrozinski, Emily; Odewahn, Stephen; Rostopchin, Sergey; Shetrone, Matthew; Spencer, Renny; Mentuch Cooper, Erin; Armandroff, Taft; Bender, Ralf; Dalton, Gavin; Hopp, Ulrich; Komatsu, Eiichiro; Nicklas, Harald; Ramsey, Lawrence W.; Roth, Martin M.; Schneider, Donald P.; Sneden, Chris; Steinmetz, Matthias
    The Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) is undertaking a blind wide-field low-resolution spectroscopic survey of 540 deg2 of sky to identify and derive redshifts for a million Lyα-emitting galaxies in the redshift range 1.9 < z < 3.5. The ultimate goal is to measure the expansion rate of the universe at this epoch, to sharply constrain cosmological parameters and thus the nature of dark energy. A major multiyear Wide-Field Upgrade (WFU) of the HET was completed in 2016 that substantially increased the field of view to 22′ diameter and the pupil to 10 m, by replacing the optical corrector, tracker, and Prime Focus Instrument Package and by developing a new telescope control system. The new, wide-field HET now feeds the Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS), a new low-resolution integral-field spectrograph (LRS2), and the Habitable Zone Planet Finder, a precision near-infrared radial velocity spectrograph. VIRUS consists of 156 identical spectrographs fed by almost 35,000 fibers in 78 integral-field units arrayed at the focus of the upgraded HET. VIRUS operates in a bandpass of 3500-5500 Å with resolving power R ≃ 800. VIRUS is the first example of large-scale replication applied to instrumentation in optical astronomy to achieve spectroscopic surveys of very large areas of sky. This paper presents technical details of the HET WFU and VIRUS, as flowed down from the HETDEX science requirements, along with experience from commissioning this major telescope upgrade and the innovative instrumentation suite for HETDEX.
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    The Fifteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release of MaNGA-derived Quantities, Data Visualization Tools, and Stellar Library
    (Chicago, Ill. [u.a.] : Univ. of Chicago Press, 2019) Aguado, D. S.; Ahumada, Romina; Almeida, Andrés; Anderson, Scott F.; Andrews, Brett H.; Anguiano, Borja; Ortíz, Erik Aquino; Aragón-Salamanca, Alfonso; Argudo-Fernández, Maria; Aubert, Marie; Avila-Reese, Vladimir; Seong Hwang, Ho; Ibarra-Medel, Héctor J.; Eduardo Jimenez Angel, Camilo; Johnson, Jennifer; Jones, Amy; Jönsson, Henrik; Kinemuchi, Karen; Kollmeier, Juna; Krawczyk, Coleman; Kreckel, Kathryn; Badenes, Carles; Kruk, Sandor; Lacerna, Ivan; Lan, Ting-Wen; Lane, Richard R.; Law, David R.; Lee, Young-Bae; Li, Cheng; Lian, Jianhui; Lin, Lihwai; Lin, Yen-Ting; Barboza Rembold, Sandro; Lintott, Chris; Long, Dan; Longa-Peña, Penélope; Ted Mackereth, J.; de la Macorra, Axel; Majewski, Steven R.; Malanushenko, Olena; Manchado, Arturo; Maraston, Claudia; Mariappan, Vivek; Barger, Kat; Marinelli, Mariarosa; Marques-Chaves, Rui; Masseron, Thomas; Masters, Karen L.; McDermid, Richard M.; Medina Peña, Nicolás; Meneses-Goytia, Sofia; Merloni, Andrea; Merrifield, Michael; Meszaros, Szabolcs; Barrera-Ballesteros, Jorge; Minniti, Dante; Minsley, Rebecca; Muna, Demitri; Myers, Adam D.; Nair, Preethi; Correa do Nascimento, Janaina; Newman, Jeffrey A.; Nitschelm, Christian; Olmstead, Matthew D; Oravetz, Audrey; Bates, Dominic; Oravetz, Daniel; Ortega Minakata, René A.; Pace, Zach; Padilla, Nelson; Palicio, Pedro A.; Pan, Kaike; Pan, Hsi-An; Parikh, Taniya; Parker, James; Peirani, Sebastien; Bautista, Julian; Penny, Samantha; Percival, Will J.; Perez-Fournon, Ismael; Peterken, Thomas; Pinsonneault, Marc H.; Prakash, Abhishek; Raddick, M. Jordan; Raichoor, Anand; Riffel, Rogemar A.; Riffel, Rogério; Beaton, Rachael L.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Robin, Annie C.; Roman-Lopes, Alexandre; Rose, Benjamin; Ross, Ashley J.; Rossi, Graziano; Rowlands, Kate; Rubin, Kate H. R.; Sánchez, Sebastián F.; Sánchez-Gallego, José R.; Beers, Timothy C.; Sayres, Conor; Schaefer, Adam; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Schimoia, Jaderson S.; Schlafly, Edward; Schlegel, David; Schneider, Donald P.; Schultheis, Mathias; Seo, Hee-Jong; Shamsi, Shoaib J.; Belfiore, Francesco; Shao, Zhengyi; Shen, Shiyin; Shetty, Shravan; Simonian, Gregory; Smethurst, Rebecca J.; Sobeck, Jennifer; Souter, Barbara J.; Spindler, Ashley; Stark, David V.; Stassun, Keivan G.; Bernardi, Mariangela; Steinmetz, Matthias; Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa; Stringfellow, Guy S.; Suárez, Genaro; Sun, Jing; Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuchehr; Talbot, Michael S.; Tayar, Jamie; Thakar, Aniruddha R.; Thomas, Daniel; Bershady, Matthew; Tissera, Patricia; Tojeiro, Rita; Troup, Nicholas W.; Unda-Sanzana, Eduardo; Valenzuela, Octavio; Vargas-Magaña, Mariana; Antonio Vázquez-Mata, José; Wake, David; Alan Weaver, Benjamin; Weijmans, Anne-Marie; Beutler, Florian; Westfall, Kyle B.; Wild, Vivienne; Wilson, John; Woods, Emily; Yan, Renbin; Yang, Meng; Zamora, Olga; Zasowski, Gail; Zhang, Kai; Zheng, Zheng; Bird, Jonathan; Zheng, Zheng; Zhu, Guangtun; Zinn, Joel C.; Zou, Hu; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Blanc, Guillermo A.; Blanton, Michael R.; Blomqvist, Michael; Bolton, Adam S.; Boquien, Médéric; Borissova, Jura; Bovy, Jo; Nielsen Brandt, William; Brinkmann, Jonathan; Brownstein, Joel R.; Bundy, Kevin; Burgasser, Adam; Byler, Nell; Cano Diaz, Mariana; Cappellari, Michele; Carrera, Ricardo; Cervantes Sodi, Bernardo; Chen, Yanping; Cherinka, Brian; Doohyun Choi, Peter; Chung, Haeun; Coffey, Damien; Comerford, Julia M.; Comparat, Johan; Covey, Kevin; da Silva Ilha, Gabriele; da Costa, Luiz; Sophia Dai, Yu; Damke, Guillermo; Darling, Jeremy; Davies, Roger; Dawson, Kyle; de Sainte Agathe, Victoria; Deconto Machado, Alice; Del Moro, Agnese; De Lee, Nathan; Diamond-Stanic, Aleksandar M.; Domínguez Sánchez, Helena; Donor, John; Drory, Niv; du Mas des Bourboux, Hélion; Duckworth, Chris; Dwelly, Tom; Ebelke, Garrett; Emsellem, Eric; Escoffier, Stephanie; Fernández-Trincado, José G.; Feuillet, Diane; Fischer, Johanna-Laina; Fleming, Scott W.; Fraser-McKelvie, Amelia; Freischlad, Gordon; Frinchaboy, Peter M.; Fu, Hai; Galbany, Lluís; Garcia-Dias, Rafael; García-Hernández, D. A.; Alberto Garma Oehmichen, Luis; Antonio Geimba Maia, Marcio; Gil-Marín, Héctor; Grabowski, Kathleen; Gu, Meng; Guo, Hong; Ha, Jaewon; Harrington, Emily; Hasselquist, Sten; Hayes, Christian R.; Hearty, Fred; Hernandez Toledo, Hector; Hicks, Harry; Hogg, David W.; Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly; Holtzman, Jon A.; Hsieh, Bau-Ching; Hunt, Jason A. S.
    Twenty years have passed since first light for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Here, we release data taken by the fourth phase of SDSS (SDSS-IV) across its first three years of operation (2014 July–2017 July). This is the third data release for SDSS-IV, and the 15th from SDSS (Data Release Fifteen; DR15). New data come from MaNGA—we release 4824 data cubes, as well as the first stellar spectra in the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar), the first set of survey-supported analysis products (e.g., stellar and gas kinematics, emission-line and other maps) from the MaNGA Data Analysis Pipeline, and a new data visualization and access tool we call "Marvin." The next data release, DR16, will include new data from both APOGEE-2 and eBOSS; those surveys release no new data here, but we document updates and corrections to their data processing pipelines. The release is cumulative; it also includes the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since first light. In this paper, we describe the location and format of the data and tools and cite technical references describing how it was obtained and processed. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has also been updated, providing links to data downloads, tutorials, and examples of data use. Although SDSS-IV will continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V (2020–2025), we end this paper by describing plans to ensure the sustainability of the SDSS data archive for many years beyond the collection of data.