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Author: Ehricht, Ralf × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2020 × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Text × Subject: Staphylococcus aureus × WGL Institute: IPHT ×

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    Evolution and Global Transmission of a Multidrug-Resistant, Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Lineage from the Indian Subcontinent
    (Washington D.C. : American Society for Microbiology, 2019) Steinig, Eike J.; Duchene, Sebastian; Robinson, D. Ashley; Monecke, Stefan; Yokoyama, Maho; Laabei, Maisem; Slickers, Peter; Andersson, Patiyan; Williamson, Deborah; Kearns, Angela; Goering, Richard V.; Dickson, Elizabeth; Ehricht, Ralf; Ip, Margaret; O'Sullivan, Matthew V.N.; Coombs, Geoffrey; Petersen, Andreas; Brennan, Gráinne I.; Shore, Anna C.; Coleman, David C.; Pantosti, Annalisa; de Lencastre, Herminia; Westh, Henrik; Kobayashi, Nobumichi; Heffernan, Helen; Strommenger, Birgit; Layer, Franziska; Weber, Stefan; Aamot, Hege Vangstein; Skakni, Leila; Peacock, Sharon J.; Sarovich, Derek; Harris, Simon; Parkhill, Julian; Massey, Ruth C.; Holden, Mathew T.G.; Bentley, Stephen; Tong, Stephen Y.C.
    The evolution and global transmission of antimicrobial resistance have been well documented for Gram-negative bacteria and health care-associated epidemic pathogens, often emerging from regions with heavy antimicrobial use. However, the degree to which similar processes occur with Gram-positive bacteria in the community setting is less well understood. In this study, we traced the recent origins and global spread of a multidrug-resistant, community-associated Staphylococcus aureus lineage from the Indian subcontinent, the Bengal Bay clone (ST772). We generated whole-genome sequence data of 340 isolates from 14 countries, including the first isolates from Bangladesh and India, to reconstruct the evolutionary history and genomic epidemiology of the lineage. Our data show that the clone emerged on the Indian subcontinent in the early 1960s and disseminated rapidly in the 1990s. Short-term outbreaks in community and health care settings occurred following intercontinental transmission, typically associated with travel and family contacts on the subcontinent, but ongoing endemic transmission was uncommon. Acquisition of a multidrug resistance integrated plasmid was instrumental in the emergence of a single dominant and globally disseminated clade in the early 1990s. Phenotypic data on biofilm, growth, and toxicity point to antimicrobial resistance as the driving force in the evolution of ST772. The Bengal Bay clone therefore combines the multidrug resistance of traditional health care-associated clones with the epidemiological transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Our study demonstrates the importance of whole-genome sequencing for tracking the evolution of emerging and resistant pathogens. It provides a critical framework for ongoing surveillance of the clone on the Indian subcontinent and elsewhere.
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    A novel multidrug-resistant PVL-negative CC1-MRSA-IV clone emerging in Ireland and Germany likely originated in South-Eastern Europe
    (Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 2019) Earls, Megan R.; Shore, Anna C.; Brennan, Gráinne I.; Simbeck, Alexandra; Schneider-Brachert, Wulf; Vremerǎ, Teodora; Dorneanu, Olivia S.; Slickers, Peter; Ehricht, Ralf; Monecke, Stefan; Coleman, David C.
    This study investigated the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-negative CC1-MRSA-IV in Ireland and Germany. Ten CC1-MSSA and 139 CC1-MRSA isolates recovered in Ireland between 2004 and 2017 were investigated. These were compared to 21 German CC1-MRSA, 10 Romanian CC1-MSSA, five Romanian CC1-MRSA and two UAE CC1-MRSA, which were selected from an extensive global database, based on similar DNA microarray profiles to the Irish isolates. All isolates subsequently underwent whole-genome sequencing, core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis and enhanced SCCmec subtyping. Two PVL-negative clades (A and B1) were identified among four main clades. Clade A included 20 German isolates, 119 Irish isolates, and all Romanian MRSA and MSSA isolates, the latter of which differed from clade A MRSA by 47–130 cgSNPs. Eighty-six Irish clade A isolates formed a tight subclade (A1) exhibiting 0–49 pairwise cgSNPs, 80 of which harboured a 46 kb conjugative plasmid carrying both ileS2, encoding high-level mupirocin resistance, and qacA, encoding chlorhexidine resistance. The resistance genes aadE, aphA3 and sat were detected in all clade A MRSA and the majority (8/10) of clade A MSSA isolates. None of the clade A isolates harboured any enterotoxin genes other than seh, which is universally present in CC1. Clade B1 included the remaining German isolate, 17 Irish isolates and the two UAE isolates, all of which corresponded to the Western Australia MRSA-1 (WA MRSA-1) clone based on genotypic characteristics. MRSA within clades A and B1 differed by 188 cgSNPs and clade-specific SCCmec characteristics were identified, indicating independent acquisition of the SCCmec element. This study demonstrated the existence of a European PVL-negative CC1-MRSA-IV clone that is distinctly different from the well-defined PVL-negative CC1-MRSA-IV clone, WA MRSA-1. Furthermore, cgSNP analysis revealed that this newly defined clone may have originated in South-Eastern Europe, before spreading to both Ireland and Germany. © 2019 The Authors
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    Urban brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) as possible source of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp., Vienna, Austria, 2016 and 2017
    (Stockholm : European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2019) Desvars-Larrive, Amélie; Ruppitsch, Werner; Lepuschitz, Sarah; Szostak, Michael P.; Spergser, Joachim; Feßler, Andrea T.; Schwarz, Stefan; Monecke, Stefan; Ehricht, Ralf; Walzer, Chris; Loncaric, Igor
    Background: Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are an important wildlife species in cities, where they live in close proximity to humans. However, few studies have investigated their role as reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Aim: We intended to determine whether urban rats at two highly frequented sites in Vienna, Austria, carry extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and meticillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus spp. (MRS). Methods: We surveyed the presence of antimicrobial resistance in 62 urban brown rats captured in 2016 and 2017 in Vienna, Austria. Intestinal and nasopharyngeal samples were cultured on selective media. We character-ised the isolates and their antimicrobial properties using microbiological and genetic methods including disk diffusion, microarray analysis, sequencing, and detection and characterisation of plasmids. Results: Eight multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and two extensively drug-resistant New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases-1 (NDM-1)-producing Enterobacter xiangfangensis ST114 (En. cloacae complex) were isolated from nine of 62 rats. Nine Enterobacteriaceae isolates harboured the blaCTX-M gene and one carried a plasmid-encoded ampC gene (blaCMY-2). Forty-four MRS were isolated from 37 rats; they belonged to seven different staphylococcal species: S. fleuret-tii, S. sciuri, S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus (all mecA-positive) and mecC-positive S. xylosus. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that brown rats in cities are a potential source of multidrug-resistant bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant En. xiangfangensis ST114. Considering the increasing worldwide urbanisation, rodent control remains an important priority for health in modern cities. © 2019, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). All rights reserved.