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- ItemCAMP@FLASH: an end-station for imaging, electron- and ion-spectroscopy, and pump–probe experiments at the FLASH free-electron laser(Chester : IUCr, 2018-8-2) Erk, Benjamin; Müller, Jan P.; Bomme, Cédric; Boll, Rebecca; Brenner, Günter; Chapman, Henry N.; Correa, Jonathan; Düsterer, Stefan; Dziarzhytski, Siarhei; Eisebitt, Stefan; Graafsma, Heinz; Grunewald, Sören; Gumprecht, Lars; Hartmann, Robert; Hauser, Günter; Keitel, Barbara; von Korff Schmising, Clemens; Kuhlmann, Marion; Manschwetus, Bastian; Mercadier, Laurent; Müller, Erland; Passow, Christopher; Plönjes, Elke; Ramm, Daniel; Rompotis, Dimitrios; Rudenko, Artem; Rupp, Daniela; Sauppe, Mario; Siewert, Frank; Schlosser, Dieter; Strüder, Lothar; Swiderski, Angad; Techert, Simone; Tiedtke, Kai; Tilp, Thomas; Treusch, Rolf; Schlichting, Ilme; Ullrich, Joachim; Moshammer, Robert; Möller, Thomas; Rolles, DanielThe non-monochromatic beamline BL1 at the FLASH free-electron laser facility at DESY was upgraded with new transport and focusing optics, and a new permanent end-station, CAMP, was installed. This multi-purpose instrument is optimized for electron- and ion-spectroscopy, imaging and pump–probe experiments at free-electron lasers. It can be equipped with various electron- and ion-spectrometers, along with large-area single-photon-counting pnCCD X-ray detectors, thus enabling a wide range of experiments from atomic, molecular, and cluster physics to material and energy science, chemistry and biology. Here, an overview of the layout, the beam transport and focusing capabilities, and the experimental possibilities of this new end-station are presented, as well as results from its commissioning.
- ItemTerahertz magnetic field enhancement in an asymmetric spiral metamaterial(Bristol : IOP Publ., 2018-10-25) Polley, Debanjan; Hagström, Nanna Zhou; Schmising, Clemens von Korff; Eisebitt, Stefan; Bonetti, StefanoWe use finite element simulations in both the frequency and the time-domain to study the terahertz resonance characteristics of a metamaterial (MM) comprising a spiral connected to a straight arm. The MM acts as a RLC circuit whose resonance frequency can be precisely tuned by varying the characteristic geometrical parameters of the spiral: inner and outer radius, width and number of turns. We provide a simple analytical model that uses these geometrical parameters as input to give accurate estimates of the resonance frequency. Finite element simulations show that linearly polarized terahertz radiation efficiently couples to the MM thanks to the straight arm, inducing a current in the spiral, which in turn induces a resonant magnetic field enhancement at the center of the spiral. We observe a large (approximately 40 times) and uniform (over an area of ∼10 μm2) enhancement of the magnetic field for narrowband terahertz radiation with frequency matching the resonance frequency of the MM. When a broadband, single-cycle terahertz pulse propagates towards the MM, the peak magnetic field of the resulting band-passed waveform still maintains a six-fold enhancement compared to the peak impinging field. Using existing laser-based terahertz sources, our MM design allows to generate magnetic fields of the order of 2 T over a time scale of several picoseconds, enabling the investigation of nonlinear ultrafast spin dynamics in table-top experiments. Furthermore, our MM can be implemented to generate intense near-field narrowband, multi-cycle electromagnetic fields to study generic ultrafast resonant terahertz dynamics in condensed matter.
- ItemEnabling time-resolved 2D spatial-coherence measurements using the Fourier-analysis method with an integrated curved-grating beam monitor(Washington, DC : Soc., 2020) Bagschik, Kai; Schneider, Michael; Wagner, Jochen; Buss, Ralph; Riepp, Matthias; Philippi-Kobs, Andre; Müller, Leonard; Roseker, Wojciech; Trinter, Florian; Hoesch, Moritz; Viefhaus, Jens; Eisebitt, Stefan; Grübel, Gerhard; Oepen, Hans Peter; Frömter, RobertDirect 2D spatial-coherence measurements are increasingly gaining importance at synchrotron beamlines, especially due to present and future upgrades of synchrotron facilities to diffraction-limited storage rings. We present a method to determine the 2D spatial coherence of synchrotron radiation in a direct and particularly simple way by using the Fourier-analysis method in conjunction with curved gratings. Direct photon-beam monitoring provided by a curved grating circumvents the otherwise necessary separate determination of the illuminating intensity distribution required for the Fourier-analysis method. Hence, combining these two methods allows for time-resolved spatial-coherence measurements. As a consequence, spatial-coherence degradation effects caused by beamline optics vibrations, which is one of the key issues of state-of-the-art X-ray imaging and scattering beamlines, can be identified and analyzed. © 2020 Optical Society of America.
- Item27 W 2.1 µm OPCPA system for coherent soft X-ray generation operating at 10 kHz(Washington, DC : Soc., 2020) Feng, Tianli; Heilmann, Anke; Bock, Martin; Ehrentraut, Lutz; Witting, Tobias; Yu, Haohai; Stiel, Holger; Eisebitt, Stefan; Schnürer, MatthiasWe developed a high power optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) system at 2.1 µm harnessing a 500 W Yb:YAG thin disk laser as the only pump and signal generation source. The OPCPA system operates at 10 kHz with a single pulse energy of up to 2.7 mJ and pulse duration of 30 fs. The maximum average output power of 27 W sets a new record for an OPCPA system in the 2 µm wavelength region. The soft X-ray continuum generated through high harmonic generation with this driver laser can extend to around 0.55 keV, thus covering the entire water window (284 eV - 543 eV). With a repetition rate still enabling pump-probe experiments on solid samples, the system can be used for many applications. © 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
- ItemReference shape effects on Fourier transform holography(Washington, DC : Soc., 2022) Malm, Erik; Pfau, Bastian; Schneider, Michael; Günther, Christian M.; Hessing, Piet; Büttner, Felix; Mikkelsen, Anders; Eisebitt, StefanSoft-x-ray holography which utilizes an optics mask fabricated in direct contact with the sample, is a widely applied x-ray microscopy method, in particular, for investigating magnetic samples. The optics mask splits the x-ray beam into a reference wave and a wave to illuminate the sample. The reconstruction quality in such a Fourier-transform holography experiment depends primarily on the characteristics of the reference wave, typically emerging from a small, high-aspect-ratio pinhole in the mask. In this paper, we study two commonly used reference geometries and investigate how their 3D structure affects the reconstruction within an x-ray Fourier holography experiment. Insight into these effects is obtained by imaging the exit waves from reference pinholes via high-resolution coherent diffraction imaging combined with three-dimensional multislice simulations of the x-ray propagation through the reference pinhole. The results were used to simulate Fourier-transform holography experiments to determine the spatial resolution and precise location of the reconstruction plane for different reference geometries. Based on our findings, we discuss the properties of the reference pinholes with view on application in soft-x-ray holography experiments.
- ItemQuantification of silver nanoparticle uptake and distribution within individual human macrophages by FIB/SEM slice and view(London : Biomed Central, 2017-3-21) Guehrs, Erik; Schneider, Michael; Günther, Christian M.; Hessing, Piet; Heitz, Karen; Wittke, Doreen; López-Serrano Oliver, Ana; Jakubowski, Norbert; Plendl, Johanna; Eisebitt, Stefan; Haase, AndreaBackground: Quantification of nanoparticle (NP) uptake in cells or tissues is very important for safety assessment. Often, electron microscopy based approaches are used for this purpose, which allow imaging at very high resolution. However, precise quantification of NP numbers in cells and tissues remains challenging. The aim of this study was to present a novel approach, that combines precise quantification of NPs in individual cells together with high resolution imaging of their intracellular distribution based on focused ion beam/ scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) slice and view approaches. Results: We quantified cellular uptake of 75 nm diameter citrate stabilized silver NPs (Ag 75 Cit) into an individual human macrophage derived from monocytic THP-1 cells using a FIB/SEM slice and view approach. Cells were treated with 10 μg/ml for 24 h. We investigated a single cell and found in total 3138 ± 722 silver NPs inside this cell. Most of the silver NPs were located in large agglomerates, only a few were found in clusters of fewer than five NPs. Furthermore, we cross-checked our results by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and could confirm the FIB/SEM results. Conclusions: Our approach based on FIB/SEM slice and view is currently the only one that allows the quantification of the absolute dose of silver NPs in individual cells and at the same time to assess their intracellular distribution at high resolution. We therefore propose to use FIB/SEM slice and view to systematically analyse the cellular uptake of various NPs as a function of size, concentration and incubation time.
- ItemExperimental evaluation of signal-to-noise in spectro-holography via modified uniformly redundant arrays in the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet spectral regime(Bristol : IOP Publ., 2017-05-08) Günther, Christian M.; Guehrs, Erik; Schneider, Michael; Pfau, Bastian; von Korff Schmising, Clemens; Geilhufe, Jan; Schaffert, Stefan; Eisebitt, StefanWe present dichroic x-ray lensless magnetic imaging by Fourier transform holography with an extended reference scheme via a modified uniformly redundant array (mURA). Holographic images of magnetic domains simultaneously generated by a single pinhole reference as well as by a mURA reference are compared with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of exposure time. We apply this approach for spectro-holographic imaging of ferromagnetic domain patterns in Co/Pt multilayer films. Soft x-rays with wavelengths of 1.59 nm (Co L3 absorption edge) and 20.8 nm (Co M2,3 absorption edges) are used for image formation and to generate contrast via x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. For a given exposure time, the mURA-based holography allows to decouple the reconstruction SNR from the spatial resolution. For 1.59 nm wavelength, the reconstruction via the extended reference scheme shows no significant loss of spatial resolution compared to the single pinhole reference. In contrast, at 20.8 nm wavelength the single pinhole reveals some very intricate features which are lost in the image generated by the mURA, although overall a high-quality image is generated. The SNR-advantage of the mURA scheme is most notable when the hologram has to be encoded with few photons, while errors associated with the increased complexity of the reconstruction process reduce the advantage for high-photon-number experiments.
- ItemAuthor Correction: Ultrafast X-ray imaging of the light-induced phase transition in VO2 (Nature Physics, (2022), 10.1038/s41567-022-01848-w)(Basingstoke : Nature Publishing Group, 2023) Johnson, Allan S.; Perez-Salinas, Daniel; Siddiqui, Khalid M.; Kim, Sungwon; Choi, Sungwook; Volckaert, Klara; Majchrzak, Paulina E.; Ulstrup, Søren; Agarwal, Naman; Hallman, Kent; Haglund, Richard F.; Günther, Christian M.; Pfau, Bastian; Eisebitt, Stefan; Backes, Dirk; Maccherozzi, Francesco; Fitzpatrick, Ann; Dhesi, Sarnjeet S.; Gargiani, Pierluigi; Valvidares, Manuel; Artrith, Nongnuch; de Groot, Frank; Choi, Hyeongi; Jang, Dogeun; Katoch, Abhishek; Kwon, Soonnam; Park, Sang Han; Kim, Hyunjung; Wall, Simon E.In the version of this article initially published, the Acknowledgements was missing thanks from Soonnam Kwon for support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020R1A2C1007416). The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
- ItemOptical inter-site spin transfer probed by energy and spin-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy([London] : Nature Publishing Group UK, 2020) Willems, Felix; von Korff Schmising, Clemens; Strüber, Christian; Schick, Daniel; Engel, Dieter W.; Dewhurst, J. K.; Elliott, Peter; Sharma, Sangeeta; Eisebitt, StefanOptically driven spin transport is the fastest and most efficient process to manipulate macroscopic magnetization as it does not rely on secondary mechanisms to dissipate angular momentum. In the present work, we show that such an optical inter-site spin transfer (OISTR) from Pt to Co emerges as a dominant mechanism governing the ultrafast magnetization dynamics of a CoPt alloy. To demonstrate this, we perform a joint theoretical and experimental investigation to determine the transient changes of the helicity dependent absorption in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. We show that the helicity dependent absorption is directly related to changes of the transient spin-split density of states, allowing us to link the origin of OISTR to the available minority states above the Fermi level. This makes OISTR a general phenomenon in optical manipulation of multi-component magnetic systems.
- ItemIn situ single-shot diffractive fluence mapping for X-ray free-electron laser pulses([London] : Nature Publishing Group UK, 2018) Schneider, Michael; Günther, Christian M.; Pfau, Bastian; Capotondi, Flavio; Manfredda, Michele; Zangrando, Marco; Mahne, Nicola; Raimondi, Lorenzo; Pedersoli, Emanuele; Naumenko, Denys; Eisebitt, StefanFree-electron lasers (FELs) in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-ray regime opened up the possibility for experiments at high power densities, in particular allowing for fluence-dependent absorption and scattering experiments to reveal non-linear light-matter interactions at ever shorter wavelengths. Findings of such non-linear effects are met with tremendous interest, but prove difficult to understand and model due to the inherent shot-to-shot fluctuations in photon intensity and the often structured, non-Gaussian spatial intensity profile of a focused FEL beam. Presently, the focused beam is characterized and optimized separately from the actual experiment. Here, we present the simultaneous measurement of XUV diffraction signals from solid samples in tandem with the corresponding single-shot spatial fluence distribution on the actual sample. Our in situ characterization scheme enables direct monitoring of the sample illumination, providing a basis to optimize and quantitatively understand FEL experiments.