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    Gaia Early Data Release 3: The celestial reference frame (Gaia-CRF3)
    (Les Ulis : EDP Sciences, 2022) Klioner, S.A.; Lindegren, L.; Mignard, F.; Hernández, J.; Ramos-Lerate, M.; Bastian, U.; Biermann, M.; Bombrun, A.; De Torres, A.; Gerlach, E.; Geyer, R.; Fraile, E.; Garabato, D.; García-Lario, P.; Gosset, E.; Haigron, R.; Halbwachs, J.-L.; Hambly, N.C.; Harrison, D.L.; Hestroffer, D.; Hodgkin, S.T.; Hilger, T.; Holl, B.; Janben, K.; Jevardat De Fombelle, G.; Jordan, S.; Krone-Martins, A.; Lanzafame, A.C.; Löffler, W.; Marchal, O.; Marrese, P.M.; Moitinho, A.; Hobbs, D.; Muinonen, K.; Osborne, P.; Pancino, E.; Pauwels, T.; Recio-Blanco, A.; Reylé, C.; Riello, M.; Rimoldini, L.; Roegiers, T.; Rybizki, J.; Lammers, U.L.; Sarro, L.M.; Siopis, C.; Smith, M.; Sozzetti, A.; Utrilla, E.; Van Leeuwen, M.; Abbas, U.; Ábrahám, P.; Abreu Aramburu, A.; Aerts, C.; McMillan, P.J.; Aguado, J.J.; Ajaj, M.; Aldea-Montero, F.; Altavilla, G.; Álvarez, M.A.; Alves, J.; Anderson, R.I.; Anglada Varela, E.; Antoja, T.; Baines, D.; Steidelmüller, H.; Baker, S.G.; Balaguer-Núñez, L.; Balbinot, E.; Balog, Z.; Barache, C.; Barbato, D.; Barros, M.; Barstow, M.A.; Bassilana, J.-L.; Bauchet, N.; Teyssier, D.; Becciani, U.; Bellazzini, M.; Berihuete, A.; Bertone, S.; Bianchi, L.; Binnenfeld, A.; Blanco-Cuaresma, S.; Boch, T.; Bossini, D.; Bouquillon, S.; Raiteri, C.M.; Bragaglia, A.; Bramante, L.; Breedt, E.; Bressan, A.; Brouillet, N.; Brugaletta, E.; Bucciarelli, B.; Burlacu, A.; Butkevich, A.G.; Buzzi, R.; Bartolomé, S.; Caffau, E.; Cancelliere, R.; Cantat-Gaudin, T.; Carballo, R.; Carlucci, T.; Carnerero, M.I.; Carrasco, J.M.; Casamiquela, L.; Castellani, M.; Castro-Ginard, A.; Bernet, M.; Chaoul, L.; Charlot, P.; Chemin, L.; Chiaramida, V.; Chiavassa, A.; Chornay, N.; Comoretto, G.; Contursi, G.; Cooper, W.J.; Cornez, T.; Castañeda, J.; Cowell, S.; Crifo, F.; Cropper, M.; Crosta, M.; Crowley, C.; Dafonte, C.; Dapergolas, A.; David, P.; De Laverny, P.; De Luise, F.; Clotet, M.; De March, R.; De Ridder, J.; De Souza, R.; Del Peloso, E.F.; Del Pozo, E.; Delbo, M.; Delgado, A.; Delisle, J.-B.; Demouchy, C.; Dharmawardena, T.E.; Davidson, M.; Diakite, S.; Diener, C.; Distefano, E.; Dolding, C.; Enke, H.; Fabre, C.; Fabrizio, M.; Faigler, S.; Fedorets, G.; Fernique, P.; Fabricius, C.; Fienga, A.; Figueras, F.; Fournier, Y.; Fouron, C.; Fragkoudi, F.; Gai, M.; Garcia-Gutierrez, A.; Garcia-Reinaldos, M.; García-Torres, M.; Garofalo, A.; Garralda Torres, N.; Gavel, A.; Gavras, P.; Giacobbe, P.; Gilmore, G.; Girona, S.; Giuffrida, G.; Gomel, R.; Gomez, A.; González-Núñez, J.; González-Santamaría, I.; González-Vidal, J.J.; Granvik, M.; Guillout, P.; Guiraud, J.; Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R.; Guy, L.P.; Hatzidimitriou, D.; Hauser, M.; Haywood, M.; Helmer, A.; Helmi, A.; Portell, J.; Sarmiento, M.H.; Hidalgo, S.L.; Hładczuk, N.; Holland, G.; Huckle, H.E.; Jardine, K.; Jasniewicz, G.; Jean-Antoine Piccolo, A.; Jiménez-Arranz, O.; Juaristi Campillo, J.; Rowell, N.; Julbe, F.; Karbevska, L.; Kervella, P.; Khanna, S.; Kordopatis, G.; Korn, A.J.; Kóspál, A.; Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z.; Kruszyńska, K.; Kun, M.; Torra, F.; Laizeau, P.; Lambert, S.; Lanza, A.F.; Lasne, Y.; Le Campion, J.-F.; Lebreton, Y.; Lebzelter, T.; Leccia, S.; Leclerc, N.; Lecoeur-Taibi, I.; Torra, J.; Liao, S.; Licata, E.L.; Lindstrøm, H.E.P.; Lister, T.A.; Livanou, E.; Lobel, A.; Lorca, A.; Loup, C.; Madrero Pardo, P.; Magdaleno Romeo, A.; Brown, A.G.A.; Managau, S.; Mann, R.G.; Manteiga, M.; Marchant, J.M.; Marconi, M.; Marcos, J.; Santos, M. M. S. Marcos; Marín Pina, D.; Marinoni, S.; Marocco, F.; Vallenari, A.; Marshall, D.J.; Polo, L. Martin; Martín-Fleitas, J.M.; Marton, G.; Mary, N.; Masip, A.; Massari, D.; Mastrobuono-Battisti, A.; Mazeh, T.; Messina, S.; Prusti, T.; Michalik, D.; Millar, N.R.; Mints, A.; Molina, D.; Molinaro, R.; Molnár, L.; Monari, G.; Monguió, M.; Montegriffo, P.; Montero, A.; De Bruijne, J.H.J.; Mor, R.; Mora, A.; Morbidelli, R.; Morel, T.; Morris, D.; Muraveva, T.; Murphy, C.P.; Musella, I.; Nagy, Z.; Noval, L.; Arenou, F.; Ocaña, F.; Ogden, A.; Ordenovic, C.; Osinde, J.O.; Pagani, C.; Pagano, I.; Palaversa, L.; Palicio, P.A.; Pallas-Quintela, L.; Panahi, A.; Babusiaux, C.; Payne-Wardenaar, S.; Peñalosa Esteller, X.; Penttilä, A.; Pichon, B.; Piersimoni, A.M.; Pineau, F.-X.; Plachy, E.; Plum, G.; Poggio, E.; Prša, A.; Creevey, O.L.; Pulone, L.; Racero, E.; Ragaini, S.; Rainer, M.; Rambaux, N.; Ramos, P.; Re Fiorentin, P.; Regibo, S.; Richards, P.J.; Diaz, C. Rios; Ducourant, C.; Ripepi, V.; Riva, A.; Rix, H.-W.; Rixon, G.; Robichon, N.; Robin, A.C.; Robin, C.; Roelens, M.; Rogues, H.R.O.; Rohrbasser, L.; Evans, D.W.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Royer, F.; Ruz Mieres, D.; Rybicki, K.A.; Sadowski, G.; Sáez Núñez, A.; Sagristà Sellés, A.; Sahlmann, J.; Salguero, E.; Samaras, N.; Eyer, L.; Sanchez Gimenez, V.; Sanna, N.; Santoveña, R.; Sarasso, M.; Schultheis, M.; Sciacca, E.; Segol, M.; Segovia, J.C.; Ségransan, D.; Semeux, D.; Guerra, R.; Shahaf, S.; Siddiqui, H.I.; Siebert, A.; Siltala, L.; Silvelo, A.; Slezak, E.; Slezak, I.; Smart, R.L.; Snaith, O.N.; Solano, E.; Hutton, A.; Solitro, F.; Souami, D.; Souchay, J.; Spagna, A.; Spina, L.; Spoto, F.; Steele, I.A.; Stephenson, C.A.; Süveges, M.; Surdej, J.; Jordi, C.; Szabados, L.; Szegedi-Elek, E.; Taris, F.; Taylor, M.B.; Teixeira, R.; Tolomei, L.; Tonello, N.; Torralba Elipe, G.; Trabucchi, M.; Tsounis, A.T.; Luri, X.; Turon, C.; Ulla, A.; Unger, N.; Vaillant, M.V.; Van Dillen, E.; Van Reeven, W.; Vanel, O.; Vecchiato, A.; Viala, Y.; Vicente, D.; Panem, C.; Voutsinas, S.; Weiler, M.; Wevers, T.; Wyrzykowski, L.; Yoldas, A.; Yvard, P.; Zhao, H.; Zorec, J.; Zucker, S.; Zwitter, T.; Pourbaix, D.; Randich, S.; Sartoretti, P.; Soubiran, C.; Tanga, P.; Walton, N.A.; Bailer-Jones, C.A.L.; Drimmel, R.; Jansen, F.; Katz, D.; Lattanzi, M.G.; Van Leeuwen, F.; Bakker, J.; Cacciari, C.; De Angeli, F.; Fouesneau, M.; Frémat, Y.; Galluccio, L.; Guerrier, A.; Heiter, U.; Masana, E.; Messineo, R.; Mowlavi, N.; Nicolas, C.; Nienartowicz, K.; Pailler, F.; Panuzzo, P.; Riclet, F.; Roux, W.; Seabroke, G.M.; Sordo, R.; Thévenin, F.; Gracia-Abril, G.; Altmann, M.; Andrae, R.; Audard, M.; Bellas-Velidis, I.; Benson, K.; Berthier, J.; Blomme, R.; Burgess, P.W.; Busonero, D.; Busso, G.; Cánovas, H.; Carry, B.; Cellino, A.; Cheek, N.; Clementini, G.; Damerdji, Y.; De Teodoro, P.; Nuñez Campos, M.; Delchambre, L.; Dell'Oro, A.; Esquej, P.; Fernández-Hernández, J.
    Context. Gaia-CRF3 is the celestial reference frame for positions and proper motions in the third release of data from the Gaia mission, Gaia DR3 (and for the early third release, Gaia EDR3, which contains identical astrometric results). The reference frame is defined by the positions and proper motions at epoch 2016.0 for a specific set of extragalactic sources in the (E)DR3 catalogue. Aims. We describe the construction of Gaia-CRF3 and its properties in terms of the distributions in magnitude, colour, and astrometric quality. Methods. Compact extragalactic sources in Gaia DR3 were identified by positional cross-matching with 17 external catalogues of quasi-stellar objects (QSO) and active galactic nuclei (AGN), followed by astrometric filtering designed to remove stellar contaminants. Selecting a clean sample was favoured over including a higher number of extragalactic sources. For the final sample, the random and systematic errors in the proper motions are analysed, as well as the radio-optical offsets in position for sources in the third realisation of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF3). Results. Gaia-CRF3 comprises about 1.6 million QSO-like sources, of which 1.2 million have five-parameter astrometric solutions in Gaia DR3 and 0.4 million have six-parameter solutions. The sources span the magnitude range G = 13-21 with a peak density at 20.6 mag, at which the typical positional uncertainty is about 1 mas. The proper motions show systematic errors on the level of 12 μas yr-1 on angular scales greater than 15 deg. For the 3142 optical counterparts of ICRF3 sources in the S/X frequency bands, the median offset from the radio positions is about 0.5 mas, but it exceeds 4 mas in either coordinate for 127 sources. We outline the future of Gaia-CRF in the next Gaia data releases. Appendices give further details on the external catalogues used, how to extract information about the Gaia-CRF3 sources, potential (Galactic) confusion sources, and the estimation of the spin and orientation of an astrometric solution.
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    Erratum: "On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. V. Optical and Radial Velocity Curve Templates" (2021, ApJ, 919, 85)
    (London : Institute of Physics Publ., 2023) Braga, V.F.; Crestani, J.; Fabrizio, M.; Bono, G.; Sneden, C.; Preston, G.W.; Storm, J.; Kamann, S.; Latour, M.; Lala, H.; Lemasle, B.; Prudil, Z.; Altavilla, G.; Chaboyer, B.; Dall’Ora, M.; Ferraro, I.; Gilligan, C.K.; Fiorentino, G.; Iannicola, G.; Inno, L.; Kwak, S.; Marengo, M.; Marinoni, S.; Marrese, P.M.; Martínez-Vázquez, C.E.; Monelli, M.; Mullen, J.P.; Matsunaga, N.; Neeley, J.; Stetson, P.B.; Valenti, E.; Zoccali, M.
    [no abstract available]
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    On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. V. Optical and Radial Velocity Curve Templates
    (London : Institute of Physics Publ., 2021) Braga, V.F.; Crestani, J.; Fabrizio, M.; Bono, G.; Sneden, C.; Preston, G. W.; Storm, J.; Kamann, S.; Latour, M.; Lala, H.; Lemasle, B.; Prudil, Z.; Altavilla, G.; Chaboyer, B.; Dall’Ora, M.; Ferraro, I.; Gilligan, C. K.; Fiorentino, G.; Iannicola, G.; Inno, L.; Kwak, S.; Marengo, M.; Marinoni, S.; Marrese, P. M.; Martínez-Vázquez, C.E.; Monelli, M.; Mullen, J.P.; Matsunaga, N.; Neeley, J.; Stetson, P. B.; Valenti, E.; Zoccali, M.
    We collected the largest spectroscopic catalog of RR Lyrae (RRLs) including ≈20,000 high-, medium-, and low-resolution spectra for ≈10,000 RRLs. We provide the analytical forms of radial velocity curve (RVC) templates. These were built using 36 RRLs (31 fundamental - split into three period bins - and five first-overtone pulsators) with well-sampled RVCs based on three groups of metallic lines (Fe, Mg, Na) and four Balmer lines (H α , H β , H γ , H δ ). We tackled the long-standing problem of the reference epoch to anchor light-curve and RVC templates. For the V-band, we found that the residuals of the templates anchored to the phase of the mean magnitude along the rising branch are ∼35% to ∼45% smaller than those anchored to the phase of maximum light. For the RVC, we used two independent reference epochs for metallic and Balmer lines and we verified that the residuals of the RVC templates anchored to the phase of mean RV are from 30% (metallic lines) up to 45% (Balmer lines) smaller than those anchored to the phase of minimum RV. We validated our RVC templates by using both the single-point and the three phase point approaches. We found that barycentric velocities based on our RVC templates are two to three times more accurate than those available in the literature. We applied the current RVC templates to Balmer lines RVs of RRLs in the globular NGC 3201 collected with MUSE at VLT. We found the cluster barycentric RV of V γ = 496.89 ± 8.37(error) ± 3.43 (standard deviation) km s-1, which agrees well with literature estimates.