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- ItemEffects of Drought and Heat on Photosynthetic Performance, Water Use and Yield of Two Selected Fiber Hemp Cultivars at a Poor-Soil Site in Brandenburg (Germany)(Basel : MDPI, 2020) Herppich, Werner B.; Gusovius, Hans-Jörg; Flemming, Inken; Drastig, KatrinHemp currently regains certain importance as fiber, oil and medical crop not least because of its modest requirements of biocides, fertilizer and water. During recent years, crops were exposed to a combination of drought and heat, even in northern Central-Europe. Dynamic responses of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to these stresses and their persistent effects had been studied, if at all, in controlled environment experiments. Comprehensive field studies on diurnal and long-term net photosynthesis and gas exchange, and yield properties of hemp during a drought prone, high-temperature season in northern Central-Europe are obviously missing. Thus, in whole season field trails, the essential actual physiological (rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiencies, ambient and internal CO2 concentrations) and the yield performance of modern high-yielding multi-purpose hemp cultivars, ‘Ivory’ and ‘Santhica 27’, were evaluated under extreme environmental conditions and highly limited soil water supply. This provides comprehensive information on the usability of these cultivars under potential future harsh production conditions. Plants of both cultivars differentially cope with the prevailing climatic and soil water conditions. While ‘Ivory’ plants developed high rates of CO2 gain and established large leaf area per plant in the mid-season, those of ‘Santhica 27’ utilized lower CO2 uptake rates at lower leaf area per plant most time. This and the higher germination success of ‘Santhica 27’ resulted in nearly twice the yield compared to ‘Ivory’. Although stomatal control of CO2 gain was pronounced in both cultivars, higher stomatal limitations in ‘Ivory’ plants resulted in higher overall intrinsic water use efficiency. Cultivation of both hemp cultivars with only basic irrigation during seed germination was successful and without large effects on yield and quality. This was valid even under extremely hot and dry climatic conditions in northern Central Europe.
- ItemSamengewinnung während der Schwadbearbeitung am Beispiel Hanf(Darmstadt : KTBL, 2013) Budde, Jörn; Gusovius, Hans-Jörg; Hoffmann, Thomas; Ola, Daniel-CalinUnter den klimatischen Bedingungen Nord- und Mitteldeutschlands ist die klassische Ernte von Hanfsamen mit Mähdreschern nicht oder nur schwer realisierbar. Aus diesem Grund werden eine innovative Maschinenlösung sowie eine Verfahrenskette zur Bergung möglichst homogen und vollständig abgereifter Samen aus der Schwade entwickelt. Zur Untersuchung des Nachreifeverhaltens und der Ausfallverluste wurden Versuchsschwaden angelegt. An diesen wurde untersucht, inwieweit Schnittzeitpunkt und Nachreifezeit die Samenqualität und -quantität sowie die Ausfallverluste beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass im Jahr 2012 eine Erzeugung hochwertiger Fasern bei gleichzeitig hohen Samenerträgen in einem Zeitfenster von 9 Tagen möglich gewesen wäre. Die maximalen Samenerträge betrugen 364 kg TM/ha für die Sorte Santhica 27 und 1 060 kg TM/ha für die Sorte Fedora 17. Den höchsten Samenverlust durch Ausfallen (22 %) zeigte die Sorte Fedora 17, wobei dieser nach dem Zeitpunkt des maximalen Ertrages auftrat.
- ItemImmer noch speziell? – Verfahren zur Ernte von Faserhanf(Darmstadt : KTBL, 2016) Gusovius, Hans-Jörg; Hoffmann, Thomas; Budde, Jörn; Lühr, CarstenEtwa zwanzig Jahre nach der Wiederzulassung des Hanfanbaus in Deutschland steht eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Ernteverfahren zur Verfügung. Etablierte, aber auch neuere Maschinenentwicklungen erlauben die Bereitstellung von Rohstoffen für die industrielle Weiterverarbeitung oder für die Verwendung als Nahrungs- oder Futtermittel. Der erforderliche Spezialisierungsgrad führt zwar zu hohen, aber – im Vergleich zu etablierten Kulturen – nicht außergewöhnlichen Verfahrenskosten. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden bestehende Erntesysteme unter heimischen Anbaubedingungen analysiert. Technische Weiterentwicklungen sind jedoch erforderlich, um die Wettbewerbssituation sowohl um Anbauflächen als auch der aus Faserhanf hergestellten Halbzeuge und Produkte zu verbessern.
- ItemGenetic Variability of Morphological, Flowering, and Biomass Quality Traits in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)(Lausanne : Frontiers Media, 2020) Petit, Jordi; Salentijn, Elma M.J.; Paulo, Maria-Joao; Thouminot, Claire; van Dinter, Bert Jan; Magagnini, Gianmaria; Gusovius, Hans-Jörg; Tang, Kailei; Amaducci, Stefano; Wang, Shaoliang; Uhrlaub, Birgit; Müssig, Jörg; Trindade, Luisa M.Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop well-known for the great potential to produce sustainable fibers. Nevertheless, hemp fiber quality is a complex trait, and little is known about the phenotypic variability and heritability of fiber quality traits in hemp. The aim of this study is to gain insights into the variability in fiber quality within the hemp germplasm and to estimate the genetic components, environmental components, and genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions on fiber quality traits in hemp. To investigate these parameters, a panel of 123 hemp accessions was phenotyped for 28 traits relevant to fiber quality at three locations in Europe, corresponding to climates of northern, central, and southern Europe. In general, hemp cultivated in northern latitudes showed a larger plant vigor while earlier flowering was characteristic of plants cultivated in southern latitudes. Extensive variability between accessions was observed for all traits. Most cell wall components (contents of monosaccharides derived from cellulose and hemicellulose; and lignin content), bast fiber content, and flowering traits revealed large genetic components with low G×E interactions and high broad-sense heritability values, making these traits suitable to maximize the genetic gains of fiber quality. In contrast, contents of pectin-related monosaccharides, most agronomic traits, and several fiber traits (fineness and decortication efficiency) showed low genetic components with large G×E interactions affecting the rankings across locations. These results suggest that pectin, agronomic traits, and fiber traits are unsuitable targets in breeding programs of hemp, as their large G×E interactions might lead to unexpected phenotypes in untested locations. Furthermore, all environmental effects on the 28 traits were statistically significant, suggesting a strong adaptive behavior of fiber quality in hemp to specific environments. The high variability in fiber quality observed in the hemp panel, the broad range in heritability, and adaptability among all traits prescribe positive prospects for the development of new hemp cultivars of excellent fiber quality. © Copyright © 2020 Petit, Salentijn, Paulo, Thouminot, van Dinter, Magagnini, Gusovius, Tang, Amaducci, Wang, Uhrlaub, Müssig and Trindade.
- ItemStudy of Water Productivity of Industrial Hemp under Hot and Dry Conditions in Brandenburg (Germany) in the Year 2018(Basel : MDPI, 2020) Drastig, Katrin; Flemming, Inken; Gusovius, Hans-Jörg; Herppich, Werner B.Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a high-yielding multi-purpose crop, but its hydrological functioning is poorly understood. Studies on the interception processes in hemp have been lacking so far. This study contributes to the understanding of the influences of evaporation of intercepted water and other hydrological fluxes within plants of two cultivars, “Santhica 27” and “Ivory”, on the water productivity. To determine water productivity and evaporation from interception, field measurements were conducted on plants of both cultivars at different stages of development. Precipitation (P), throughfall (TF), transpiration (T), and volumetric water content (VWC) were measured along with leaf area index (LAI) and yield of selected plant components. For the entire vegetation period, the cumulative P of 44 mm was converted into 13 mm TF (30%). The inferred evaporation of intercepted water (I) was high at 31 mm (71%). For the assessment water fluxes, the evaporation of intercepted water must be considered in the decision-making process. Besides the LAI, the plant architecture and the meteorological conditions during the cropping cycle seem to be the main factors determining I in the case of plants of both cultivars. Water productivity (WPDM) of the whole plant varied between 3.07 kg m−3 for Ivory and 3.49 for Santhica 27. In the case of bast yield, WPDM was 0.39 kg m-3 for Santhica 27 and 0.45 kg m−3 for Ivory. After the propagation of the uncertainties, the bandwidth of the WPDM of the whole plant was between 0.42 kg m−3 and 2.57 kg m−3. For bast fiber a bandwidth of the WP between 0.06 kg m−3 and 0.33 kg m−3 was calculated. The results show furthermore that even with a precise examination of water productivity, a high bandwidth of local values is revealed on different cultivars. However, generic WP values for fiber crops are not attainable.