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- ItemComparison of the molecular properties and morphology of polypropylenes irradiated under different atmospheres and after annealing(Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley InterScience, 2006) Krause, Beate; Häußler, Liane; Voigt, DieterElectron-beam irradiation, a well-known way of generating long-chain branching, was used to modify polypropylene. Samples were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. Independently of the atmosphere, postannealing led to the deactivation of residual radicals and to the reduction of the nucleus density. In comparison with the initial polypropylene, the crystallization temperatures increased for nonannealed samples but decreased for annealed samples. Stable products were obtained only by irradiation in nitrogen followed by annealing. A reaction including free radicals with oxygen in the ambient atmosphere led to increasing molar mass degradation and the formation of long-chain branching after Storage. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- ItemCharacterization of electron beam irradiated polypropylene: Influence of irradiation temperature on molecular and rheological properties(Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley InterScience, 2006) Krause, Beate; Voigt, Dieter; Häuβler, Liane; Auhl, Dietmar; Münstedt, HelmutThe aim of the investigations was to analyze the influence of the temperature during the irradiation process of polypropylene on the molar mass, the formation of long chain branching and the final branching topology. A linear isotactic polypropylene homopolymer was modified by electron beam irradiation at different temperatures, with two irradiation doses to insert long chain branching. The Samples were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography coupled with a multiangle laser light scattering detector, by differential scanning calorimetry, and by shear and elongational rheology. The shear and elongational flow behavior isdiscussed in terms of the influence of molecular parameters and used to analyze the topology of the irradiated samples. With increasing temperature, a slight reduction of the molar mass, an increase of long chain branching and an increase of crystallization temperature were found. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- ItemThermoelectric Performance of Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube/Ionic Liquid Composites and Its Dependence on Electron Beam Irradiation(Basel : MDPI, 2022-1-11) Voigt, Oliver; Krause, Beate; Pötschke, Petra; Müller, Michael T.; Wießner, SvenThe thermoelectric behavior of polypropylene (PP) based nanocomposites containing single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and five kinds of ionic liquids (Ils) dependent on composite composition and electron beam irradiation (EB) was studied. Therefore, several samples were melt-mixed in a micro compounder, while five Ils with sufficiently different anions and/or cations were incorporated into the PP/SWCNT composites followed by an EB treatment for selected composites. Extensive investigations were carried out considering the electrical, thermal, mechanical, rheological, morphological and, most significantly, thermoelectric properties. It was found that it is possible to prepare n-type melt-mixed polymer composites from p-type commercial SWCNTs with relatively high Seebeck coefficients when adding four of the selected Ils. The highest Seebeck coefficients achieved in this study were +49.3 µV/K (PP/2 wt.% SWCNT) for p-type composites and −27.6 µV/K (PP/2 wt.% SWCNT/4 wt.% IL type AMIM Cl) for n-type composites. Generally, the type of IL is decisive whether p-or n-type thermoelectric behavior is achieved. After IL addition higher volume conductivity could be reached. Electron beam treatment of PP/SWCNT leads to increased values of the Seebeck coefficient, whereas the EB treated sample with IL (AMIM Cl) shows a less negative Seebeck coefficient value.
- ItemLong-chain branching of polypropylene by electron-beam irradiation in the molten state(Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley InterScience, 2006) Krause, Beate; Stephan, M.; Volkland, S.; Voigt, D.; Häußler, L.; Dorschner, H.The electron-beam irradiation of polymers generates modification effects in the macromolecular structure and material properties. Therefore, irradiation processing is mostly realized in the polymer solid state. In this way, the modification of linear polypropylene may result in long-chain branching of polypropylene macromolecules. The objective of this article is to investigate the effect of a polymer in the molten state during electron-beam irradiation on the macromolecular structure and material properties of polypropylene. For this procedure, a special irradiation vessel (BG3) has been developed in which a rapid transfer of polymer films from the solid state to the molten state and a defined temperature during electron-beam irradiation are realizable. The irradiated samples have been analyzed by high-temperature size exclusion chromatography coupled with a multi-angle laser light scattering detector and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. With an increasing irradiation dose, a high reduction of the molar mass and an increasing amount of long-chain branching are found. Compared with irradiation in the solid state, the modification in the molten state leads to a higher degree of branching. The Theological experiments in elongation flow clearly exhibit the existence of long-chain branching. Furthermore, DSC measurements show that the glass-transition temperature and peak temperatures of melting and crystallization decrease. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.