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- ItemThe 1-Megapixel pnCCD detector for the Small Quantum Systems Instrument at the European XFEL: system and operation aspects(Chester : IUCr, 2021) Kuster, Markus; Ahmed, Karim; Ballak, Kai Erik; Danilevski, Cyril; Ekmedžić, Marko; Fernandes, Bruno; Gessler, Patrick; Hartmann, Robert; Hauf, Steffen; Holl, Peter; Meyer, Michael; Montaño, Jacobo; Münnich, Astrid; Ovcharenko, Yevheniy; Rennhack, Nils; Rüter, Tonn; Rupp, Daniela; Schlosser, Dieter; Setoodehnia, Kiana; Schmitt, Rüdiger; Strüder, Lothar; Tanyag, Rico Mayro P.; Ulmer, Anatoli; Yousef, HazemThe X-ray free-electron lasers that became available during the last decade, like the European XFEL (EuXFEL), place high demands on their instrumentation. Especially at low photon energies below 1 keV, detectors with high sensitivity, and consequently low noise and high quantum efficiency, are required to enable facility users to fully exploit the scientific potential of the photon source. A 1-Megapixel pnCCD detector with a 1024 × 1024 pixel format has been installed and commissioned for imaging applications at the Nano-Sized Quantum System (NQS) station of the Small Quantum System (SQS) instrument at EuXFEL. The instrument is currently operating in the energy range between 0.5 and 3 keV and the NQS station is designed for investigations of the interaction of intense FEL pulses with clusters, nano-particles and small bio-molecules, by combining photo-ion and photo-electron spectroscopy with coherent diffraction imaging techniques. The core of the imaging detector is a pn-type charge coupled device (pnCCD) with a pixel pitch of 75 µm × 75 µm. Depending on the experimental scenario, the pnCCD enables imaging of single photons thanks to its very low electronic noise of 3 e− and high quantum efficiency. Here an overview on the EuXFEL pnCCD detector and the results from the commissioning and first user operation at the SQS experiment in June 2019 are presented. The detailed descriptions of the detector design and capabilities, its implementation at EuXFEL both mechanically and from the controls side as well as important data correction steps aim to provide useful background for users planning and analyzing experiments at EuXFEL and may serve as a benchmark for comparing and planning future endstations at other FELs.
- ItemRoadmap on photonic, electronic and atomic collision physics: I. Light-matter interaction(Bristol : IOP Publ., 2019) Ueda, Kiyoshi; Sokell, Emma; Schippers, Stefan; Aumayr, Friedrich; Sadeghpour, Hossein; Burgdörfer, Joachim; Lemell, Christoph; Tong, Xiao-Min; Pfeifer, Thomas; Calegari, Francesca; Palacios, Alicia; Martin, Fernando; Corkum, Paul; Sansone, Giuseppe; Gryzlova, Elena V.; Grum-Grzhimailo, Alexei N.; Piancastelli, Maria Novella; Weber, Peter M.; Steinle, Tobias; Amini, Kasra; Biegert, Jens; Berrah, Nora; Kukk, Edwin; Santra, Robin; Müller, Alfred; Dowek, Danielle; Lucchese, Robert R.; McCurdy, C. William; Bolognesi, Paola; Avaldi, Lorenzo; Jahnke, Till; Schöffler, Markus S.; Dörner, Reinhard; Mairesse, Yann; Nahon, Laurent; Smirnova, Olga; Schlathölter, Thomas; Campbell, Eleanor E.B.; Rost, Jan-Michael; Meyer, Michael; Tanaka, Kazuo A.We publish three Roadmaps on photonic, electronic and atomic collision physics in order to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the ICPEAC conference. In Roadmap I, we focus on the light-matter interaction. In this area, studies of ultrafast electronic and molecular dynamics have been rapidly growing, with the advent of new light sources such as attosecond lasers and x-ray free electron lasers. In parallel, experiments with established synchrotron radiation sources and femtosecond lasers using cutting-edge detection schemes are revealing new scientific insights that have never been exploited. Relevant theories are also being rapidly developed. Target samples for photon-impact experiments are expanding from atoms and small molecules to complex systems such as biomolecules, fullerene, clusters and solids. This Roadmap aims to look back along the road, explaining the development of these fields, and look forward, collecting contributions from twenty leading groups from the field. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
- ItemRoadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics(Bristol : IOP Publ., 2018-01-09) Young, Linda; Ueda, Kiyoshi; Gühr, Markus; Bucksbaum, Philip H.; Simon, Marc; Mukamel, Shaul; Rohringer, Nina; Prince, Kevin C.; Masciovecchio, Claudio; Meyer, Michael; Rudenko, Artem; Rolles, Daniel; Bostedt, Christoph; Fuchs, Matthias; Reis, David A.; Santra, Robin; Kapteyn, Henry; Murnane, Margaret; Ibrahim, Heide; Légaré, François; Vrakking, Marc; Isinger, Marcus; Kroon, David; Gisselbrecht, Mathieu; L’Huillier, Anne; Wörner, Hans Jakob; Leone, Stephen R.X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics, largely due to an explosive growth in capabilities in the past decade. XFELs now provide unprecedented intensity (1020 W cm−2) of x-rays at wavelengths down to ∼1 Ångstrom, and HHG provides unprecedented time resolution (∼50 attoseconds) and a correspondingly large coherent bandwidth at longer wavelengths. For context, timescales can be referenced to the Bohr orbital period in hydrogen atom of 150 attoseconds and the hydrogen-molecule vibrational period of 8 femtoseconds; wavelength scales can be referenced to the chemically significant carbon K-edge at a photon energy of ∼280 eV (44 Ångstroms) and the bond length in methane of ∼1 Ångstrom. With these modern x-ray sources one now has the ability to focus on individual atoms, even when embedded in a complex molecule, and view electronic and nuclear motion on their intrinsic scales (attoseconds and Ångstroms). These sources have enabled coherent diffractive imaging, where one can image non-crystalline objects in three dimensions on ultrafast timescales, potentially with atomic resolution. The unprecedented intensity available with XFELs has opened new fields of multiphoton and nonlinear x-ray physics where behavior of matter under extreme conditions can be explored. The unprecedented time resolution and pulse synchronization provided by HHG sources has kindled fundamental investigations of time delays in photoionization, charge migration in molecules, and dynamics near conical intersections that are foundational to AMO physics and chemistry. This roadmap coincides with the year when three new XFEL facilities, operating at Ångstrom wavelengths, opened for users (European XFEL, Swiss-FEL and PAL-FEL in Korea) almost doubling the present worldwide number of XFELs, and documents the remarkable progress in HHG capabilities since its discovery roughly 30 years ago, showcasing experiments in AMO physics and other applications. Here we capture the perspectives of 17 leading groups and organize the contributions into four categories: ultrafast molecular dynamics, multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies; high-intensity x-ray phenomena; attosecond x-ray science.