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- ItemTemporal Role Annotation for Named Entities(Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier, 2018) Koutraki, Maria; Bakhshandegan-Moghaddam, Farshad; Sack, Harald; Fensel, Anna; de Boer, Victor; Pellegrini, Tassilo; Kiesling, Elmar; Haslhofer, Bernhard; Hollink, Laura; Schindler, AlexanderNatural language understanding tasks are key to extracting structured and semantic information from text. One of the most challenging problems in natural language is ambiguity and resolving such ambiguity based on context including temporal information. This paper, focuses on the task of extracting temporal roles from text, e.g. CEO of an organization or head of a state. A temporal role has a domain, which may resolve to different entities depending on the context and especially on temporal information, e.g. CEO of Microsoft in 2000. We focus on the temporal role extraction, as a precursor for temporal role disambiguation. We propose a structured prediction approach based on Conditional Random Fields (CRF) to annotate temporal roles in text and rely on a rich feature set, which extracts syntactic and semantic information from text. We perform an extensive evaluation of our approach based on two datasets. In the first dataset, we extract nearly 400k instances from Wikipedia through distant supervision, whereas in the second dataset, a manually curated ground-truth consisting of 200 instances is extracted from a sample of The New York Times (NYT) articles. Last, the proposed approach is compared against baselines where significant improvements are shown for both datasets.
- ItemContextual Language Models for Knowledge Graph Completion(Aachen, Germany : RWTH Aachen, 2021) Russa, Biswas; Sofronova, Radina; Alam, Mehwish; Sack, Harald; Mehwish, Alam; Ali, Medi; Groth, Paul; Hitzler, Pascal; Lehmann, Jens; Paulheim, Heiko; Rettinger, Achim; Sack, Harald; Sadeghi, Afshin; Tresp, VolkerKnowledge Graphs (KGs) have become the backbone of various machine learning based applications over the past decade. However, the KGs are often incomplete and inconsistent. Several representation learning based approaches have been introduced to complete the missing information in KGs. Besides, Neural Language Models (NLMs) have gained huge momentum in NLP applications. However, exploiting the contextual NLMs to tackle the Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) task is still an open research problem. In this paper, a GPT-2 based KGC model is proposed and is evaluated on two benchmark datasets. The initial results obtained from the _ne-tuning of the GPT-2 model for triple classi_cation strengthens the importance of usage of NLMs for KGC. Also, the impact of contextual language models for KGC has been discussed.
- ItemModelling Archival Hierarchies in Practice: Key Aspects and Lessons Learned(Aachen, Germany : RWTH Aachen, 2021) Vafaie, Mahsa; Bruns, Oleksandra; Pilz, Nastasja; Dessì, Danilo; Sack, Harald; Sumikawa, Yasunobu; Ikejiri, Ryohei; Doucet, Antoine; Pfanzelter, Eva; Hasanuzzaman, Mohammed; Dias, Gaël; Milligan, Ian; Jatowt, AdamAn increasing number of archival institutions aim to provide public access to historical documents. Ontologies have been designed, developed and utilised to model the archival description of historical documents and to enable interoperability between different information sources. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of archives and archival systems, current ontologies for the representation of archival content do not always cover all existing structural organisation forms equallywell. After briefly contextualising the heterogeneity in the hierarchical structure of German archives, this paper describes and evaluates differences between two archival ontologies, ArDO and RiC-O, and their approaches to modelling hierarchy levels and archive dynamics.
- ItemKnowledge Extraction for Art History: the Case of Vasari’s The Lives of The Artists (1568)(Aachen, Germany : RWTH Aachen, 2022) Santini, Cristian; Tan, Mary Ann; Tietz, Tabea; Bruns, Oleksandra; Posthumus, Etienne; Sack, Harald; Paschke, Adrian; Rehm, Georg; Neudecker, Clemens; Pintscher, LydiaKnowledge Extraction (KE) techniques are used to convert unstructured information present in texts to Knowledge Graphs (KGs) which can be queried and explored. Despite their potential for cultural heritage domains, such as Art History, these techniques often encounter limitations if applied to domain-specific data. In this paper we present the main challenges that KE has to face on art-historical texts, by using as case study Giorgio Vasari's The Lives of The Artists. This paper discusses the following NLP tasks for art-historical texts, namely entity recognition and linking, coreference resolution, time extraction, motif extraction and artwork extraction. Several strategies to annotate art-historical data for these tasks and evaluate NLP models are also proposed.
- ItemSteps towards a Dislocation Ontology for Crystalline Materials(Aachen, Germany : RWTH Aachen, 2021) Ihsan, Ahmad Zainul; Dessì, Danilo; Alam, Mehwish; Sack, Harald; Sandfeld, Stefan; García-Castro, Raúl; Davies, John; Antoniou, Grigoris; Fortuna, CarolinaThe field of Materials Science is concerned with, e.g., properties and performance of materials. An important class of materials are crystalline materials that usually contain “dislocations" - a line-like defect type. Dislocation decisively determine many important materials properties. Over the past decades, significant effort was put into understanding dislocation behavior across different length scales both with experimental characterization techniques as well as with simulations. However, for describing such dislocation structures there is still a lack of a common standard to represent and to connect dislocation domain knowledge across different but related communities. An ontology offers a common foundation to enable knowledge representation and data interoperability, which are important components to establish a “digital twin". This paper outlines the first steps towards the design of an ontology in the dislocation domain and shows a connection with the already existing ontologies in the materials science and engineering domain.
- ItemDesigning Intelligent Systems for Online Education: Open Challenges and Future Directions(Aachen, Germany : RWTH Aachen, 2021) Dessì, Danilo; Käser, Tanja; Marras, Mirko; Popescu, Elvira; Sack, Harald; Dessì, Danilo; Käser, Tanja; Marras, Mirko; Popescu, Elvira; Sack, HaraldThe design and delivering of platforms for online education is fostering increasingly intense research. Scaling up education online brings new emerging needs related with hardly manageable classes, overwhelming content alternatives, and academic dishonesty while interacting remotely, as examples. However, with the impressive progress of the data mining and machine learning fields, combined with the large amounts of learning-related data and high-performance computing, it has been possible to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of learning and teaching online. Methods at the analytical and algorithmic levels are constantly being developed and hybrid approaches are receiving an increasing attention. Recent methods are analyzing not only the online traces left by students a posteriori, but also the extent to which this data can be turned into actionable insights and models, to support the above needs in a computationally efficient, adaptive and timely way. In this paper, we present relevant open challenges lying at the intersection between the machine learning and educational communities, that need to be addressed to further develop the field of intelligent systems for online education. Several areas of research in this field are identified, such as data availability and sharing, time-wise and multi-modal data modelling, generalizability, fairness, explainability, interpretability, privacy, and ethics behind models delivered for supporting education. Practical challenges and recommendations for possible research directions are provided for each of them, paving the way for future advances in this field.
- ItemTRANSRAZ Data Model: Towards a Geosocial Representation of Historical Cities(Berlin : AKA, 2023) Bruns, Oleksandra; Tietz, Tabea; Göller, Sandra; Sack, Harald; Acosta, M.; Peroni, S.; Vahdati, S.; Gentile, A.-L.; Pellegrini, T.; Kalo, J.-C.Preserving historical city architectures and making them (publicly) available has emerged as an important field of the cultural heritage and digital humanities research domain. In this context, the TRANSRAZ project is creating an interactive 3D environment of the historical city of Nuremberg which spans over different periods of time. Next to the exploration of the city’s historical architecture, TRANSRAZ is also integrating information about its inhabitants, organizations, and important events, which are extracted from historical documents semi-automatically. Knowledge Graphs have proven useful and valuable to integrate and enrich these heterogeneous data. However, this task also comes with versatile data modeling challenges. This paper contributes the TRANSRAZ data model, which integrates agents, architectural objects, events, and historical documents into the 3D research environment by means of ontologies. Goal is to explore Nuremberg’s multifaceted past in different time layers in the context of its architectural, social, economical, and cultural developments.
- ItemOntology Modelling for Materials Science Experiments(Aachen, Germany : RWTH Aachen, 2021) Alam, Mehwish; Birkholz, Henk; Dessì, Danilo; Eberl, Christoph; Fliegl, Heike; Gumbsch, Peter; von Hartrott, Philipp; Mädler, Lutz; Niebel, Markus; Sack, Harald; Thomas, Akhil; Tiddi, Ilaria; Maleshkova, Maria; Pellegrini, Tassilo; de Boer, VictorMaterials are either enabler or bottleneck for the vast majority of technological innovations. The digitization of materials and processes is mandatory to create live production environments which represent physical entities and their aggregations and thus allow to represent, share, and understand materials changes. However, a common standard formalization for materials knowledge in the form of taxonomies, ontologies, or knowledge graphs has not been achieved yet. This paper sketches the e_orts in modelling an ontology prototype to describe Materials Science experiments. It describes what is expected from the ontology by introducing a use case where a process chain driven by the ontology enables the curation and understanding of experiments.
- ItemAudio Ontologies for Intangible Cultural Heritage(Bramhall, Stockport ; EasyChair Ltd., 2022-04-12) Tan, Mary Ann; Posthumus, Etienne; Sack, HaraldCultural heritage portals often contain intangible objects digitized as audio files. This paper presents and discusses the adaptation of existing audio ontologies intended for non-cultural heritage applications. The resulting alignment of the German Digital Library-Europeana Data Model (DDB-EDM) with Music Ontology (MO) and Audio Commons Ontology (ACO) is presented.
- ItemDDB-EDM to FaBiO: The Case of the German Digital Library(Aachen, Germany : RWTH Aachen, 2021) Tan, Mary Ann; Tietz, Tabea; Bruns, Oleksandra; Oppenlaender, Jonas; Dessì, Danilo; Sack, Harald; Seneviratne, Oshani; Pesquita, Catia; Sequeda, Juan; Etcheverry, LorenaCultural heritage portals have the goal of providing users with seamless access to all their resources. This paper introduces initial efforts for a user-oriented restructuring of the German Digital Library (DDB). At present, cultural heritage objects (CHOs) in the DDB are modeled using an extended version of the Europeana Data Model (DDBEDM), which negatively impacts usability and exploration. These challenges can be addressed by leveraging ontologies, and building a knowledge graph from the DDB's voluminous collection. Towards this goal, an alignment of bibliographic metadata from DDB-EDM to FRBR-Aligned Bibliographic Ontology (FaBiO) is presented.