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- ItemThe Memory of a Fault Gouge: An Example from the Simplon Fault Zone (Central Alps)(Basel : MDPI, 2022) Argante, Valentina; Tanner, David Colin; Brandes, Christian; von Hagke, Christoph; Tsukamoto, SumikoFaut gouge forms at the core of the fault as the result of a slip in the upper brittle crust. Therefore, the deformation mechanisms and conditions under which the fault gouge was formed can document the stages of fault movement in the crust. We carried out a microstructural analysis on a fault gouge from a hanging-wall branch fault of the Simplon Fault Zone, a major low-angle normal fault in the European Alps. We use thin-section analysis, together with backscattered electron imaging and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), to show that a multistage history from ductile to brittle deformation within the fault gouge. We argue that this multistage deformation history is the result of continuous exhumation history from high to low temperature, along the Simplon Fault Zone. Because of the predominance of pressure solution and veining, we associated a large part of the deformation in the fault gouge with viscous-frictional behaviour that occurred at the brittle-ductile transition. Phyllosilicates and graphite likely caused fault lubrication that we suggested played a role in localizing slip along this major low-angle normal fault.
- ItemEsr and radiocarbon dating of gut strings from early plucked instruments(Basel : MDPI, 2020) Tsukamoto, Sumiko; Takeuchi, Taro; Tani, Atsushi; Miyairi, Yosuke; Yokoyama, YusukeEarly European plucked instruments have recently experienced a great revival, but a few aspects remain unknown (e.g., the gauge of gut strings). Here we report, for the first time, that the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal intensity of oxidized iron, Fe(III), from gut strings at g = 2 increases linearly with age within a few hundred years. The signal increase in the remaining old strings on early instruments can be used to judge if they are as old as or younger than the instrument. Obtaining the authenticity information of gut strings contributes to the revival of the old instruments and the music. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.