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- ItemMultiple lobes in the far-field distribution of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers due to self-interference(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2016) Röben, B.; Wienold, M.; Schrottke, L.; Grahn, H.T.The far-field distribution of the emission intensity of terahertz (THz) quantumcascade lasers (QCLs) frequently exhibits multiple lobes instead of a single-lobed Gaussian distribution. We show that such multiple lobes can result from selfinterference related to the typically large beam divergence of THz QCLs and the presence of an inevitable cryogenic operation environment including optical windows. We develop a quantitative model to reproduce the multiple lobes. We also demonstrate how a single-lobed far-field distribution can be achieved.
- ItemThermal annealing studies of GeTe-Sb2Te3 alloys with multiple interfaces(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2017) Bragaglia, Valeria; Mio, Antonio M.; Calarco, RaffaellaA high degree of vacancy ordering is obtained by annealing amorphous GeTe-Sb2Te3 (GST) alloys deposited on a crystalline substrate, which acts as a template for the crystallization. Under annealing the material evolves from amorphous to disordered rocksalt, to ordered rocksalt with vacancies arranged into (111) oriented layers, and finally converts into the stable trigonal phase. The role of the interface in respect to the formation of an ordered crystalline phase is studied by comparing the transformation stages of crystalline GST with and without a capping layer. The capping layer offers another crystallization interface, which harms the overall crystalline quality.
- ItemSchottky contacts to In2O3(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2014) von Wenckstern, H.; Splith, D.; Schmidt, F.; Grundmann, M.; Bierwagen, O.; Speck, J.S.n-type binary compound semiconductors such as InN, InAs, or In2O3 are especial because the branch-point energy or charge neutrality level lies within the conduction band. Their tendency to form a surface electron accumulation layer prevents the formation of rectifying Schottky contacts. Utilizing a reactive sputtering process in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, we demonstrate Schottky barrier diodes on indium oxide thin films with rectifying properties being sufficient for space charge layer spectroscopy. Conventional non-reactive sputtering resulted in ohmic contacts. We compare the rectification of Pt, Pd, and Au Schottky contacts on In2O3 and discuss temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics of Pt/In2O3 in detail. The results substantiate the picture of oxygen vacancies being the source of electrons accumulating at the surface, however, the position of the charge neutrality level and/or the prediction of Schottky barrier heights from it are questioned.
- ItemMagnetic properties of GaAs-Fe3Si core-shell nanowires — A comparison of ensemble and single nanowire investigation(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2017) Hilse, Maria; Jenichen, Bernd; Herfort, JensOn the basis of semiconductor-ferromagnet GaAs-Fe3Si core-shell nanowires (Nws) we compare the facilities of magnetic Nw ensemble measurements by superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry versus investigations on single Nws by magnetic force microscopy and computational micromagnetic modeling. Where a careful analysis of ensemble measurements backed up by transmission electron microscopy gave no insights on the properties of the Nw shells, single Nw investigation turned out to be absolutely essential.
- ItemFabrication and investigation of three-dimensional ferroelectric capacitors for the application of FeRAM(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2016) Yeh, Chia-Pin; Lisker, Marco; Kalkofen, Bodo; Burte, Edmund P.Ferroelectric capacitors made by lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films and iridium electrodes are fabricated on three-dimensional structures and their properties are investigated. The iridium films are grown by Plasma Enhanced MOCVD at 300°C, while the PZT films are deposited by thermal MOCVD at different process temperatures between 450°C and 550°C. The step coverage and composition uniformity of the PZT films on trench holes and lines are investigated. Phase separation of PZT films has been observed on both 3D and planar structures. No clear dependences of the crystallization and composition of PZT on 3D structure topography have been found. STEM EDX line scans show a uniform Zr/(Zr+Ti) concentration ratio along the 3D profile but the variation of the Pb/(Zr+Ti) concentration ratio is large because of the phase separation. 3D ferroelectric capacitors show good ferroelectric properties but have much higher leakage currents than 2D ferroelectric capacitors. Nevertheless, during cycling tests the degradation of the remnant polarization between 2D and 3D capacitors is similar after 109 switching cycles. In addition, the sidewalls and bottoms of the 3D structures seem to have comparable remnant polarizations with the horizontal top surfaces.
- ItemKinetics versus thermodynamics of the metal incorporation in molecular beam epitaxy of (InxGa1−x)2O3(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2016) Vogt, Patrick; Bierwagen, OliverWe present a detailed study of the reaction kinetics and thermodynamics of the plasma-assisted oxide molecular beam epitaxy of the ternary compound (InxGa1−x)2O3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. We measured the growth rate of the alloy in situ by laser reflectrometry as a function of growth temperature T G for different metal-to-oxygen flux ratios r Me, and nominal In concentrations x nom in the metal flux. We determined ex situ the In and Ga concentrations in the grown film by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The measured In concentration x shows a strong dependence on the growth parameters T G, r Me, and x nom whereas growth on different co-loaded substrates shows that in the macroscopic regime of ∼μm3 x does neither depend on the detailed layer crystallinity nor on crystal orientation. The data unveil that, in presence of In, Ga incorporation is kinetically limited by Ga2O desorption the same way as during Ga2O 3 growth. In contrast, In incorporation during ternary growth is thermodynamically suppressed by the presence of Ga due to stronger Ga–O bonds. Our experiments revealed that Ga adatoms decompose/etch the In–O bonds whereas In adatoms do not decompose/etch the Ga–O bonds. This result is supported by our thermochemical calculations. In addition we found that a low T G and/or excessively low r Me kinetically enables In incorporation into (InxGa1−x)2O3. This study may help growing high-quality ternary compounds (InxGa1−x)2O3 allowing band gap engineering over the range of 2.7–4.7 eV.
- ItemGiant faraday rotation through ultra-small Fe0n clusters in superparamagnetic FeO-SiO2 vitreous films(Hoboken : Wiley, 2017) Nakatsuka, Yuko; Pollok, Kilian; Wieduwilt, Torsten; Langenhorst, Falko; Schmidt, Markus A.; Fujita, Koji; Murai, Shunsuke; Tanaka, Katsuhisa; Wondraczek, LotharMagnetooptical (MO) glasses and, in particular, Faraday rotators are becoming key components in lasers and optical information processing, light switching, coding, filtering, and sensing. The common design of such Faraday rotator materials follows a simple path: high Faraday rotation is achieved by maximizing the concentration of paramagnetic ion species in a given matrix material. However, this approach has reached its limits in terms of MO performance; hence, glass‐based materials can presently not be used efficiently in thin film MO applications. Here, a novel strategy which overcomes this limitation is demonstrated. Using vitreous films of xFeO·(100 − x)SiO2, unusually large Faraday rotation has been obtained, beating the performance of any other glassy material by up to two orders of magnitude. It is shown that this is due to the incorporation of small, ferromagnetic clusters of atomic iron which are generated in line during laser deposition and rapid condensation of the thin film, generating superparamagnetism. The size of these clusters underbids the present record of metallic Fe incorporation and experimental verification in glass matrices.
- ItemStellar magnetic activity and variability of oscillation parameters: An investigation of 24 solar-like stars observed by Kepler(Les Ulis : EDP Sciences, 2017) Kiefer, René; Schad, Ariane; Davies, Guy; Roth, MarkusContext. The Sun and solar-like stars undergo activity cycles for which the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The oscillations of the Sun are known to vary with its activity cycle and these changes provide diagnostics on the conditions below the photosphere. Kepler has detected solar-like oscillations in hundreds of stars but as of yet, no widespread detection of signatures of magnetic activity cycles in the oscillation parameters of these stars have been reported. Aims. We analysed the photometric short cadence Kepler time series of a set of 24 solar-like stars, which were observed for at least 960 d each, with the aim to find signatures of stellar magnetic activity in the oscillation parameters. Methods. We analyse the temporal evolution of oscillation parameters by measuring mode frequency shifts, changes in the height of the p-mode envelope, as well as granulation timescales. Results. For 23 of the 24 investigated stars, we find significant frequency shifts in time. We present evidence for magnetic activity in six of these stars. We find that the amplitude of the frequency shifts decreases with stellar age and rotation period. For KIC 8006161 (the most prominent example), we find that frequency shifts are smallest for the lowest and largest for the highest p-mode frequencies, as they are for the Sun. Conclusions. These findings show that magnetic activity can be routinely observed in the oscillation parameters for solar-like stars, which opens up the possibility of placing the solar activity cycle in the context of other stars by asteroseismology.
- ItemBright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy(Frankfurt am Main : Beilstein-Institut, 2017) Tavernaro, Isabella; Cavelius, Christian; Peuschel, Henrike; Kraegeloh, AnnetteIn recent years, fluorescent nanomaterials have gained high relevance in biological applications as probes for various fluorescencebased spectroscopy and imaging techniques. Among these materials, dye-doped silica nanoparticles have demonstrated a high potential to overcome the limitations presented by conventional organic dyes such as high photobleaching, low stability and limited fluorescence intensity. In the present work we describe an effective approach for the preparation of fluorescent silica nanoparticles in the size range between 15 and 80 nm based on L-arginine-controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in a biphasic cyclohexane–water system. Commercially available far-red fluorescent dyes (Atto647N, Abberior STAR 635, Dy-647, Dy-648 and Dy-649) were embedded covalently into the particle matrix, which was achieved by aminosilane coupling. The physical particle attributes (particle size, dispersion, degree of agglomeration and stability) and the fluorescence properties of the obtained particles were compared to particles from commonly known synthesis methods. As a result, the spectroscopic characteristics of the presented monodisperse dye-doped silica nanoparticles were similar to those of the free uncoupled dyes, but indicate a much higher photostability and brightness. As revealed by dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential measurements, all particle suspensions were stable in water and cell culture medium. In addition, uptake studies on A549 cells were performed, using confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Our approach allows for a step-by-step formation of dye-doped silica nanoparticles in the form of dye-incorporated spheres, which can be used as versatile fluorescent probes in confocal and STED imaging.
- ItemVerification of the helioseismic Fourier-Legendre analysis for meridional flow measurements(Les Ulis : EDP Sciences, 2016) Roth, M.; Doerr, H.-P.; Hartlep, T.Context. Measuring the Sun’s internal meridional flow is one of the key issues of helioseismology. Using the Fourier-Legendre analysis is a technique for addressing this problem. Aims. We validate this technique with the help of artificial helioseismic data. Methods. The analysed data set was obtained by numerically simulating the effect of the meridional flow on the seismic wave field in the full volume of the Sun. In this way, a 51.2-h long time series was generated. The resulting surface velocity field is then analyzed in various settings: Two 360° × 90° halfspheres, two 120° × 60° patches on the front and farside of the Sun (North and South, respectively) and two 120° × 60° patches on the northern and southern frontside only. We compare two possible measurement setups: observations from Earth and from an additional spacecraft on the solar farside, and observations from Earth only, in which case the full information of the global solar oscillation wave field was available. Results. We find that, with decreasing observing area, the accessible depth range decreases: the 360° × 90° view allows us to probe the meridional flow almost to the bottom of the convection zone, while the 120° × 60° view means only the outer layers can be probed. Conclusions. These results confirm the validity of the Fourier-Legendre analysis technique for helioseismology of the meridional flow. Furthermore these flows are of special interest for missions like Solar Orbiter that promises to complement standard helioseismic measurements from the solar nearside with farside observations.