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- ItemSynthesis and characterization of poly(1,2,3-triazole)s with inherent high sulfur content for optical applications(Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2023) Mazumder, Kajari; Komber, Hartmut; Bittrich, Eva; Voit, Brigitte; Banerjee, SusantaThe synthesis of solution-processable sulfur-containing polytriazoles for optoelectronic applications is a relatively less explored domain in polymer research. The synthesis of novel bifunctional (DA) and trifunctional (TA) azido-monomers with inherent high sulfur content and of organo-soluble high refractive index poly(1,2,3-triazole)s using the azido-monomers via Cu(I) assisted click polymerization reactions are reported in this work. The azido-monomers were synthesized by the conversion of previously reported amine-functionalized compounds to azides using azidotrimethylsilane in a polar aprotic solvent. Dialkyne monomers were also synthesized and reacted with the azides to prepare a series of five linear and two hyperbranched poly(1,2,3-triazole)s. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the synthesized polymers. It was also demonstrated that the use of the trifunctional azide in optimized conditions resulted in increased solubility of an otherwise insoluble linear poly(1,2,3-triazole). The optical characterization of the polymers was carried out on thin polymer films with thickness in the nanometer range, which were successfully prepared by spin-coating on silicon wafers. It was found that the increase in the sulfur and aromatic content in the polymer backbone successfully increased the refractive index of the polymers up to 1.743 at 589 nm.
- ItemCurvature in Biological Systems: Its Quantification, Emergence, and Implications across the Scales(Weinheim : VCH Verl.-Ges., 2022) Schamberger, Barbara; Ziege, Ricardo; Anselme, Karine; Ben Amar, Martine; Bykowski, Michał; Castro, André P. G.; Cipitria, Amaia; Coles, Rhoslyn A.; Dimova, Rumiana; Eder, Michaela; Ehrig, Sebastian; Escudero, Luis M.; Evans, Myfanwy E.; Fernandes, Paulo R.; Fratzl, Peter; Geris, Liesbet; Gierlinger, Notburga; Hannezo, Edouard; Iglič, Aleš; Kirkensgaard, Jacob J. K.; Kollmannsberger, Philip; Kowalewska, Łucja; Kurniawan, Nicholas A.; Papantoniou, Ioannis; Pieuchot, Laurent; Pires, Tiago H. V.; Renner, Lars D.; Sageman‐Furnas, Andrew O.; Schröder‐Turk, Gerd E.; Sengupta, Anupam; Sharma, Vikas R.; Tagua, Antonio; Tomba, Caterina; Trepat, Xavier; Waters, Sarah L.; Yeo, Edwina F.; Roschger, Andreas; Bidan, Cécile M.; Dunlop, John W. C.Surface curvature both emerges from, and influences the behavior of, living objects at length scales ranging from cell membranes to single cells to tissues and organs. The relevance of surface curvature in biology is supported by numerous experimental and theoretical investigations in recent years. In this review, first, a brief introduction to the key ideas of surface curvature in the context of biological systems is given and the challenges that arise when measuring surface curvature are discussed. Giving an overview of the emergence of curvature in biological systems, its significance at different length scales becomes apparent. On the other hand, summarizing current findings also shows that both single cells and entire cell sheets, tissues or organisms respond to curvature by modulating their shape and their migration behavior. Finally, the interplay between the distribution of morphogens or micro-organisms and the emergence of curvature across length scales is addressed with examples demonstrating these key mechanistic principles of morphogenesis. Overall, this review highlights that curved interfaces are not merely a passive by-product of the chemical, biological, and mechanical processes but that curvature acts also as a signal that co-determines these processes.