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Exploitation of Ultrasound Technique for Enhancement of Microbial Metabolites Production
Microbial metabolites have significant impacts on our lives from providing valuable compounds for nutrition to agriculture and healthcare. Ever-growing demand for these natural compounds has led to the need for smart and efficient production techniques. Ultrasound is a multi-applicable technology widely exploited in a range of industries such as chemical, medical, biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and food processes. Depending on the type of ultrasound employed, it can be used to either monitor or drive fermentation processes. Ultrasonication can improve bioproduct productivity via intensifying the performance of living organisms. Controlled ultrasonication can influence the metabolites' biosynthesis efficiency and growth rates by improvement of cell permeability as well as mass transfer and nutrient uptake rates through cell membranes. This review contains a summarized description about suitable microbial metabolites and the applications of ultrasound technique for enhancement of the production of these metabolites as well as the associated downstream processing.
Production of Lactic Acid from Carob, Banana and Sugarcane Lignocellulose Biomass
Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural residues is a promising feedstock for lactic acid (LA) production. The aim of the current study was to investigate the production of LA from different lignocellulosic biomass. The LA production from banana peduncles using strain Bacillus coagulans with yeast extract resulted in 26.6 g LA·L-1, and yield of 0.90 g LA·g-1 sugars. The sugarcane fermentation with yeast extract resulted in 46.5 g LA·L-1, and yield of 0.88 g LA·g-1 sugars. Carob showed that addition of yeast extract resulted in higher productivity of 3.2 g LA·L-1·h-1 compared to without yeast extract where1.95 g LA·L-1·h-1 was obtained. Interestingly, similar LA production was obtained by the end where 54.8 and 51.4 g·L-1 were obtained with and without yeast extract, respectively. A pilot scale of 35 L using carob biomass fermentation without yeast extract resulted in yield of 0.84 g LA·g-1 sugars, and productivity of 2.30 g LA·L-1·h-1 which indicate a very promising process for future industrial production of LA.