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- ItemCarbon materials for stable Li metal anodes: Challenges, solutions, and outlook(Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021) Lu, Q.; Jie, Y.; Meng, X.; Omar, A.; Mikhailova, D.; Cao, R.; Jiao, S.; Lu, Y.; Xu, Y.Lithium (Li) metal is regarded as the ultimate anode for next-generation Li-ion batteries due to its highest specific capacity and lowest electrochemical potential. However, the Li metal anode has limitations, including virtually infinite volume change, nonuniform Li deposition, and an unstable electrode–electrolyte interface, which lead to rapid capacity degradation and poor cycling stability, significantly hindering its practical application. To address these issues, intensive efforts have been devoted toward accommodating and guiding Li deposition as well as stabilizing the interface using various carbon materials, which have demonstrated excellent effectiveness, benefiting from their vast variety and excellent tunability of the structure–property relationship. This review is intended as a guide through the fundamental challenges of Li metal anodes to the corresponding solutions utilizing carbon materials. The specific functionalities and mechanisms of carbon materials for stabilizing Li metal anodes in these solutions are discussed in detail. Apart from the stabilization of the Li metal anode in liquid electrolytes, attention has also been paid to the review of anode-free Li metal batteries and solid-state batteries enabled by strategies based on carbon materials. Furthermore, we have reviewed the unresolved challenges and presented our outlook on the implementation of carbon materials for stabilizing Li metal anodes in practical applications.
- ItemFlexible MXene films for batteries and beyond(Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2022) Huang, Yang; Lu, Qiongqiong; Wu, Dianlun; Jiang, Yue; Liu, Zhenjie; Chen, Bin; Zhu, Minshen; Schmidt, Oliver G.MXenes add dozens of metallic conductors to the family of two-dimensional (2D) materials. A top-down synthesis approach removing A-layer atoms (e.g., Al, Si, and Ga) in MAX phases to produce 2D flakes attaches various surface terminations to MXenes. With these terminations, MXenes show tunable properties, promising a range of applications from energy storage devices to electronics, including sensors, transistors, and antennas. MXenes are also excellent building blocks to create flexible films used for flexible and wearable devices. This article summarizes the synthesis of MXene flakes and highlights aspects that need attention for flexible devices. Rather than listing the development of energy storage devices in detail, we focus on the main challenges of and solutions for constructing high-performance devices. Moreover, we show the applications of MXene films in electronics to call on designs to construct a complete system based on MXene with good flexibility, which consists of a power source, sensors, transistors, and wireless communications.
- ItemDATAMAN: A global database of nitrous oxide and ammonia emission factors for excreta deposited by livestock and land-applied manure(Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021) Beltran, Ignacio; van der Weerden, Tony J.; Alfaro, Marta A.; Amon, Barbara; de Klein, Cecile A. M.; Grace, Peter; Hafner, Sasha; Hassouna, MĂ©lynda; Hutchings, Nicholas; Krol, Dominika J.; Leytem, April B.; Noble, Alasdair; Salazar, Francisco; Thorman, Rachel E.; Velthof, Gerard L.Nitrous oxide (N2 O), ammonia (NH3 ), and methane (CH4 ) emissions from the manure management chain of livestock production systems are important contributors to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and NH3 emitted by human activities. Several studies have evaluated manure-related emissions and associated key variables at regional, national, or continental scales. However, there have been few studies focusing on the drivers of these emissions using a global dataset. An international project was created (DATAMAN) to develop a global database on GHG and NH3 emissions from the manure management chain (housing, storage, and field) to identify key variables influencing emissions and ultimately to refine emission factors (EFs) for future national GHG inventories and NH3 emission reporting. This paper describes the "field" database that focuses on N2 O and NH3 EFs from land-applied manure and excreta deposited by grazing livestock. We collated relevant information (EFs, manure characteristics, soil properties, and climatic conditions) from published peer-reviewed research, conference papers, and existing databases. The database, containing 5,632 observations compiled from 184 studies, was relatively evenly split between N2 O and NH3 (56 and 44% of the EF values, respectively). The N2 O data were derived from studies conducted in 21 countries on five continents, with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Kenya, and Brazil representing 86% of the data. The NH3 data originated from studies conducted in 17 countries on four continents, with the United Kingdom, Denmark, Canada, and The Netherlands representing 79% of the data. Wet temperate climates represented 90% of the total database. The DATAMAN field database is available at http://www.dataman.co.nz.
- ItemAmmonia and nitrous oxide emission factors for excreta deposited by livestock and land-applied manure(Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021) van der Weerden, Tony J.; Noble, Alasdair; de Klein, Cecile A. M.; Hutchings, Nicholas; Thorman, Rachel E.; Alfaro, Marta A.; Amon, Barbara; Beltran, Ignacio; Grace, Peter; Hassouna, MĂ©lynda; Krol, Dominika J.; Leytem, April B.; Salazar, Francisco; Velthof, Gerard L.Manure application to land and deposition of urine and dung by grazing animals are major sources of ammonia (NH3 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions. Using data on NH3 and N2 O emissions following land-applied manures and excreta deposited during grazing, emission factors (EFs) disaggregated by climate zone were developed, and the effects of mitigation strategies were evaluated. The NH3 data represent emissions from cattle and swine manures in temperate wet climates, and the N2 O data include cattle, sheep, and swine manure emissions in temperate wet/dry and tropical wet/dry climates. The NH3 EFs for broadcast cattle solid manure and slurry were 0.03 and 0.24 kg NH3 -N kg-1 total N (TN), respectively, whereas the NH3 EF of broadcast swine slurry was 0.29. Emissions from both cattle and swine slurry were reduced between 46 and 62% with low-emissions application methods. Land application of cattle and swine manure in wet climates had EFs of 0.005 and 0.011 kg N2 O-N kg-1 TN, respectively, whereas in dry climates the EF for cattle manure was 0.0031. The N2 O EFs for cattle urine and dung in wet climates were 0.0095 and 0.002 kg N2 O-N kg-1 TN, respectively, which were three times greater than for dry climates. The N2 O EFs for sheep urine and dung in wet climates were 0.0043 and 0.0005, respectively. The use of nitrification inhibitors reduced emissions in swine manure, cattle urine/dung, and sheep urine by 45-63%. These enhanced EFs can improve national inventories; however, more data from poorly represented regions (e.g., Asia, Africa, South America) are needed.