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- ItemFabrication and investigation of three-dimensional ferroelectric capacitors for the application of FeRAM(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2016) Yeh, Chia-Pin; Lisker, Marco; Kalkofen, Bodo; Burte, Edmund P.Ferroelectric capacitors made by lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films and iridium electrodes are fabricated on three-dimensional structures and their properties are investigated. The iridium films are grown by Plasma Enhanced MOCVD at 300°C, while the PZT films are deposited by thermal MOCVD at different process temperatures between 450°C and 550°C. The step coverage and composition uniformity of the PZT films on trench holes and lines are investigated. Phase separation of PZT films has been observed on both 3D and planar structures. No clear dependences of the crystallization and composition of PZT on 3D structure topography have been found. STEM EDX line scans show a uniform Zr/(Zr+Ti) concentration ratio along the 3D profile but the variation of the Pb/(Zr+Ti) concentration ratio is large because of the phase separation. 3D ferroelectric capacitors show good ferroelectric properties but have much higher leakage currents than 2D ferroelectric capacitors. Nevertheless, during cycling tests the degradation of the remnant polarization between 2D and 3D capacitors is similar after 109 switching cycles. In addition, the sidewalls and bottoms of the 3D structures seem to have comparable remnant polarizations with the horizontal top surfaces.
- ItemPerpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the Heusler alloy Co2TiSi/GaAs(001) hybrid structure(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2015) Dau, M.T.; Jenichen, B.; Herfort, J.Investigation of the thickness dependence of the magnetic anisotropy in B2-type Co2TiSi films on GaAs(001), shows a pronounced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at 10 K for thicknesses up to 13.5 nm. We have evidenced that the interfacial anisotropy induced by interface clusters has a strong influence on the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of this hybrid structure, especially at temperatures lower than the blocking temperature of the clusters (28 K). However, as this influence can be ruled out at higher temperatures, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy which is found to persist up to room-temperature can be ascribed to the magnetic properties of the Co2TiSi films. For thicknesses larger than 15.0 nm, we observe an alignment of the magnetic easy axis parallel to the sample surface, which is most likely due to the shape anisotropy and the film structure.
- ItemReducing the nucleation barrier in magnetocaloric Heusler alloys by nanoindentation(New York : American Institute of Physics, 2016) Niemann, R.; Hahn, S.; Diestel, A.; Backen, A.; Schultz, L.; Nielsch, K.; Wagner, M.F.-X.; Fähler, S.Magnetocaloric materials are promising as solid state refrigerants for more efficient and environmentally friendly cooling devices. The highest effects have been observed in materials that exhibit a first-order phase transition. These transformations proceed by nucleation and growth which lead to a hysteresis. Such irreversible processes are undesired since they heat up the material and reduce the efficiency of any cooling application. In this article, we demonstrate an approach to decrease the hysteresis by locally changing the nucleation barrier. We created artificial nucleation sites and analyzed the nucleation and growth processes in their proximity. We use Ni-Mn-Ga, a shape memory alloy that exhibits a martensitic transformation. Epitaxial films serve as a model system, but their high surface-to-volume ratio also allows for a fast heat transfer which is beneficial for a magnetocaloric regenerator geometry. Nanoindentation is used to create a well-defined defect. We quantify the austenite phase fraction in its proximity as a function of temperature which allows us to determine the influence of the defect on the transformation.