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DDC: 570 × Subject: Epidemiology ×

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    Agricultural fertilization with poultry manure results in persistent environmental contamination with the pathogen Clostridioides difficile
    (Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell, 2021) Frentrup, Martinique; Thiel, Nadine; Junker, Vera; Behrens, Wiebke; Münch, Steffen; Siller, Paul; Kabelitz, Tina; Faust, Matthias; Indra, Alexander; Baumgartner, Stefanie; Schepanski, Kerstin; Amon, Thomas; Roesler, Uwe; Funk, Roger; Nübel, Ulrich
    During a field experiment applying broiler manure for fertilization of agricultural land, we detected viable Clostridioides (also known as Clostridium) difficile in broiler faeces, manure, dust and fertilized soil. A large diversity of toxigenic C. difficile isolates was recovered, including PCR ribotypes common from human disease. Genomic relatedness of C. difficile isolates from dust and from soil, recovered more than 2 years after fertilization, traced their origins to the specific chicken farm that had delivered the manure. We present evidence of long-term contamination of agricultural soil with manure-derived C. difficile and demonstrate the potential for airborne dispersal of C. difficile through dust emissions during manure application. Clostridioides genome sequences virtually identical to those from manure had been recovered from chicken meat and from human infections in previous studies, suggesting broiler-associated C. difficile are capable of zoonotic transmission.
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    Exploring the evolution and epidemiology of European CC1-MRSA-IV: tracking a multidrug-resistant community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone
    (London : Soc., 2021) Earls, Megan R.; Steinig, Eike J.; Monecke, Stefan; Samaniego Castruita, José A.; Simbeck, Alexandra; Schneider-Brachert, Wulf; Vremerǎ, Teodora; Dorneanu, Olivia S.; Loncaric, Igor; Bes, Michèle; Lacoma, Alicia; Prat Aymerich, Cristina; Wernery, Ulrich; Armengol-Porta, Marc; Blomfeldt, Anita; Duchene, Sebastian; Bartels, Mette D.; Ehricht, Ralf; Coleman, David C.
    This study investigated the evolution and epidemiology of the community-associated and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone European CC1-MRSA-IV. Whole-genome sequences were obtained for 194 European CC1-MRSA-IV isolates (189 of human and 5 of animal origin) from 12 countries, and 10 meticillin-susceptible precursors (from North-Eastern Romania; all of human origin) of the clone. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a maximum-likelihood approach, a time-measured phylogeny was reconstructed using Bayesian analysis, and in silico microarray genotyping was performed to identify resistance, virulence-associated and SCCmec (staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec) genes. Isolates were typically sequence type 1 (190/204) and spa type t127 (183/204). Bayesian analysis indicated that European CC1-MRSA-IV emerged in approximately 1995 before undergoing rapid expansion in the late 1990s and 2000s, while spreading throughout Europe and into the Middle East. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an unstructured meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) population, lacking significant geographical or temporal clusters. The MRSA were genotypically multidrug-resistant, consistently encoded seh, and intermittently (34/194) encoded an undisrupted hlb gene with concomitant absence of the lysogenic phage-encoded genes sak and scn. All MRSA also harboured a characteristic ~5350 nt insertion in SCCmec adjacent to orfX. Detailed demographic data from Denmark showed that there, the clone is typically (25/35) found in the community, and often (10/35) among individuals with links to South-Eastern Europe. This study elucidated the evolution and epidemiology of European CC1-MRSA-IV, which emerged from a meticillin-susceptible lineage prevalent in North-Eastern Romania before disseminating rapidly throughout Europe.