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    Noise-induced artificial intelligence
    (College Park, MD : APS, 2022) Zhao, Alex; Ermolaeva, Anastasia; Ullner, Ekkehard; Kurths, Juergen; Gordleeva, Susanna; Zaikin, Alexey
    We show that unavoidable stochastic fluctuations are not only affecting information processing in a destructive or constructive way, but may even induce conditions necessary for the artificial intelligence itself. In this proof-of-principle paper we consider a model of a neuron-astrocyte network under the influence of multiplicative noise and show that information encoding (loading, storage, and retrieval of information patterns), one of the paradigmatic signatures of intelligent systems, can be induced by stochastic influence and astrocytes. Hence, astrocytes, recently proved to play an important role in memory and cognitive processing in mammalian brains, may play also an important role in the generation of a system's features providing artificial intelligence functions. Hence, one could conclude that intrinsic stochasticity is probably positively utilized by brains, not only to optimize the signal response but also to induce intelligence itself, and one of the key roles, played by astrocytes in information processing, could be dealing with noises.
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    A green solvent-to-polymer upgrading approach to water-soluble LCST poly(N-substituted lactamide acrylate)s
    (Cambridge : RSC, 2022) Palà, Marc; El Khannaji, Hafssa; Garay-Sarmiento, Manuela; Ronda, Juan Carlos; Cádiz, Virginia; Galià, Marina; Percec, Virgil; Rodriguez-Emmenegger, César; Lligadas, Gerard
    We report a green solvent-to-polymer upgrading transformation of chemicals of the lactic acid portfolio into water-soluble lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type acrylic polymers. Aqueous Cu(0)-mediated living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) was utilized for the rapid synthesis of N-substituted lactamide-type homo and random acrylic copolymers under mild conditions. A particularly unique aspect of this work is that the water-soluble monomers and the SET-LRP initiator used to produce the corresponding polymers were synthesized from biorenewable and non-toxic solvents, namely natural ethyl lactate and BASF's Agnique® AMD 3L (N,N-dimethyl lactamide, DML). The pre-disproportionation of Cu(I)Br in the presence of tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6TREN) in water generated nascent Cu(0) and Cu(II) complexes that facilitated the fast polymerization of N-tetrahydrofurfuryl lactamide and N,N-dimethyl lactamide acrylate monomers (THFLA and DMLA, respectively) up to near-quantitative conversion with excellent control over molecular weight (5000 < Mn < 83 000) and dispersity (1.05 < Đ < 1.16). Interestingly, poly(THFLA) showed a degree of polymerization and concentration dependent LCST behavior, which can be fine-tuned (Tcp = 12–62 °C) through random copolymerization with the more hydrophilic DMLA monomer. Finally, covalent cross-linking of these polymers resulted in a new family of thermo-responsive hydrogels with excellent biocompatibility and tunable swelling and LCST transition. These illustrate the versatility of these neoteric green polymers in the preparation of smart and biocompatible soft materials.