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    Plasma-Treated Solutions (PTS) in Cancer Therapy
    (Basel : MDPI, 2021) Tanaka, Hiromasa; Bekeschus, Sander; Yan, Dayun; Hori, Masaru; Keidar, Michael; Laroussi, Mounir
    Cold physical plasma is a partially ionized gas generating various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) simultaneously. ROS/RNS have therapeutic effects when applied to cells and tissues either directly from the plasma or via exposure to solutions that have been treated beforehand using plasma processes. This review addresses the challenges and opportunities of plasma-treated solutions (PTSs) for cancer treatment. These PTSs include plasma-treated cell culture media in experimental research as well as clinically approved solutions such as saline and Ringer’s lactate, which, in principle, already qualify for testing in therapeutic settings. Several types of cancers were found to succumb to the toxic action of PTSs, suggesting a broad mechanism of action based on the tumor-toxic activity of ROS/RNS stored in these solutions. Moreover, it is indi-cated that the PTS has immuno-stimulatory properties. Two different routes of application are cur-rently envisaged in the clinical setting. One is direct injection into the bulk tumor, and the other is lavage in patients suffering from peritoneal carcinomatosis adjuvant to standard chemotherapy. While many promising results have been achieved so far, several obstacles, such as the standardized generation of large volumes of sterile PTS, remain to be addressed. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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    Gas Plasma-Oxidized Liquids for Cancer Treatment: Preclinical Relevance, Immuno-Oncology, and Clinical Obstacles
    (New York, NY : IEEE, 2021) Freund, Eric; Bekeschus, Sander
    Gas plasmas, often referred to as cold physical plasma, are currently being investigated for their potential to serve as anticancer agents. Along similar lines, gas plasma-oxidized liquids as a carrier for reactive oxygen species have found their way into preclinical research. This review focuses on in vivo studies that utilized such gas plasma-oxidized liquids for cancer therapies. These preclinical tumor models, treatment modalities, and types of liquids that were used are summarized and critically discussed. Among these studies, significant results were observed, indicating the potential of oxidative liquids to serve as an anticancer treatment. However, several steps have to be taken to enhance the quality and translational capacities of this approach in order to gain clinical acceptance for possible future cancer therapies. The most crucial steps include not only a careful selection of suitable liquids, with respect to their approval as medical products, but also the consideration of orthotopic and immunocompetent animal tumor models. This would increase the relevance of such studies and simultaneously allow studying the contribution of the most potent of all anticancer effectors, the immune system.