Search Results
Direct observation and simultaneous use of linear and quadratic electro-optical effects
2020, Steglich, Patrick, Mai, Christian, Villringer, Claus, Mai, Andreas
We report on the direct observation and simultaneous use of the linear and quadratic electro-optical effect and propose a method by which higher-order susceptibilities of electro-optical materials can be determined. The evaluation is based on the separation of the second- and third-order susceptibilities and the experimental technique uses a slot waveguide ring resonator fabricated in integrated photonic circuit technology, which is embedded by a guest-host polymer system consisting of the azobenzene dye Disperse Red 1 in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix as an active electro-optical material. The contribution of both effects on the electro-optical response under the influence of static and time-varying electrical fields is investigated. We show that the quadratic electro-optical effect has a significant influence on the overall electro-optical response even with acentric molecular orientated molecules. Our findings have important implications for developing electro-optical devices based on polymer-filled slot waveguides and give rise to advanced photonic circuits. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Silicon-organic hybrid photonics: Overview of recent advances, electro-optical effects and CMOS-integration concepts
2021, Steglich, Patrick, Mai, Christian, Villringer, Claus, Dietzel, Birgit, Bondarenko, Siegfried, Ksianzou, Viachaslau, Villasmunta, Francesco, Zesch, Christoph, Pulwer, Silvio, Burger, Martin, Bauer, Joachim, Heinrich, Friedhelm, Schrader, Sigurd, Vitale, Francesco, De Matteis, Fabio, Prosposito, Paolo, Casalboni, Mauro, Mai, Andreas
In recent decades, much research effort has been invested in the development of photonic integrated circuits, and silicon-on-insulator technology has been established as a reliable platform for highly scalable silicon-based electro-optical modulators. However, the performance of such devices is restricted by the inherent material properties of silicon. An approach to overcoming these deficiencies is to integrate organic materials with exceptionally high optical nonlinearities into a silicon-on-insulator photonic platform. Silicon–organic hybrid photonics has been shown to overcome the drawbacks of silicon-based modulators in terms of operating speed, bandwidth, and energy consumption. This work reviews recent advances in silicon–organic hybrid photonics and covers the latest improvements to single components and device concepts. Special emphasis is given to the in-device performance of novel electro-optical polymers and the use of different electro-optical effects, such as the linear and quadratic electro-optical effect, as well as the electric-field-induced linear electro-optical effect. Finally, the inherent challenges of implementing non-linear optical polymers on a silicon photonic platform are discussed and a perspective for future directions is given.