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Toxicological Responses of ฮฑ-Pinene-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol and Its Molecular Tracers in Human Lung Cell Lines
2021, Khan, Faria, Kwapiszewska, Karina, Zhang, Yue, Chen, Yuzhi, Lambe, Andrew T., Koลodziejczyk, Agata, Jalal, Nasir, Rudzinski, Krzysztof, Martรญnez-Romero, Alicia, Fry, Rebecca C., Surratt, Jason D., Szmigielski, Rafal
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a major component of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that contributes to adverse human health effects upon inhalation. Atmospheric ozonolysis of ฮฑ-pinene, an abundantly emitted monoterpene from terrestrial vegetation, leads to significant global SOA formation; however, its impact on pulmonary pathophysiology remains uncertain. In this study, we quantified an increasing concentration response of three well-established ฮฑ-pinene SOA tracers (pinic, pinonic, and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acids) and a full mixture of ฮฑ-pinene SOA in A549 (alveolar epithelial carcinoma) and BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial normal) lung cell lines. The three aforementioned tracers contributed โผ57% of the ฮฑ-pinene SOA mass under our experimental conditions. Cellular proliferation, cell viability, and oxidative stress were assessed as toxicological end points. The three ฮฑ-pinene SOA molecular tracers had insignificant responses in both cell types when compared with the ฮฑ-pinene SOA (up to 200 ฮผg mL-1). BEAS-2B cells exposed to 200 ฮผg mL-1 of ฮฑ-pinene SOA decreased cellular proliferation to โผ70% and 44% at 24- and 48-h post exposure, respectively; no changes in A549 cells were observed. The inhibitory concentration-50 (IC50) in BEAS-2B cells was found to be 912 and 230 ฮผg mL-1 at 24 and 48 h, respectively. An approximate 4-fold increase in cellular oxidative stress was observed in BEAS-2B cells when compared with untreated cells, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup resulted in the downstream cytotoxicity following 24 h of exposure to ฮฑ-pinene SOA. Organic hydroperoxides that were identified in the ฮฑ-pinene SOA samples likely contributed to the ROS and cytotoxicity. This study identifies the potential components of ฮฑ-pinene SOA that likely modulate the oxidative stress response within lung cells and highlights the need to carry out chronic exposure studies on ฮฑ-pinene SOA to elucidate its long-term inhalation exposure effects. ยฉ 2021 American Chemical Society.
Proteomic Changes of Tissue-Tolerable Plasma Treated Airway Epithelial Cells and Their Relation to Wound Healing
2015, Lendeckel, Derik, Eymann, Christine, Emicke, Philipp, Daeschlein, Georg, Darm, Katrin, O'Neil, Serena, Beule, Achim G, von Woedtke, Thomas, Vรถlker, Uwe, Weltmann, Klaus-Dieter, Jรผnger, Michael, Hosemann, Werner, Scharf, Christian
Background. The worldwide increasing number of patients suffering from nonhealing wounds requires the development of new safe strategies for wound repair. Recent studies suggest the possibility of nonthermal (cold) plasma application for the acceleration of wound closure. Methods. An in vitro wound healing model with upper airway S9 epithelial cells was established to determine the macroscopically optimal dosage of tissue-tolerable plasma (TTP) for wound regeneration, while a 2D-difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) approach was used to quantify the proteomic changes in a hypothesis-free manner and to evaluate the balance of beneficial and adverse effects due to TTP application. Results. Plasma doses from 30โs up to 360โs were tested in relation to wound closure after 24โh, 48โh, 72โh, 96โh, and 120โh, in which lower doses (30, 60, and 120โs) resulted in dose-dependent improved wound healing rate compared to untreated cells. Thereby, the 120โs dose caused significantly the best wound healing properties after 96 and 120โh. The proteome analysis combined with IPA revealed that a lot of affected stress adaptation responses are linked to oxidative stress response emphasizing oxidative stress as a possible key event in the regeneration process of epithelial cells as well as in the adaptation to plasma exposure. Further cellular and molecular functions like proliferation and apoptosis were significantly up- or downregulated by all TTP treatments but mostly by the 120โs dose. Conclusions. For the first time, we were able to show plasma effects on cellular adaptation of upper airway epithelial S9 cells improving wound healing. This is of particular interest for plasma application, for example, in the surgery field of otorhinolaryngology or internal medicine.
Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2ยท5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost
2021, Yin, Hao, Brauer, Michael, Zhang, Junfeng (Jim), Cai, Wenjia, Navrud, Stรฅle, Burnett, Richard, Howard, Courtney, Deng, Zhu, Kammen, Daniel M., Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim, Chen, Kai, Kan, Haidong, Chen, Zhan-Ming, Chen, Bin, Zhang, Ning, Mi, Zhifu, Coffman, D'Maris, Cohen, Aaron J., Guan, Dabo, Zhang, Qiang, Gong, Peng, Liu, Zhu
Background: The health impacts of ambient air pollution impose large costs on society. Although all people are exposed to air pollution, the older population (ie, those aged โฅ60 years) tends to be disproportionally affected. As a result, there is growing concern about the health impacts of air pollution as many countries undergo rapid population ageing. We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient air pollution and its interaction with population ageing from 2000 to 2016 at global and regional levels. Methods: In this global analysis, we developed an age-adjusted measure of the value of a statistical life-year (VSLY) to estimate the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM2ยท5 pollution using Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 data and country-level socioeconomic information. First, we estimated the global age-specific and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) attributable to PM2ยท5 pollution using the global exposure mortality model and global estimates of exposure at 0ยท1ยฐ ร 0ยท1ยฐ (about 11 km ร 11 km at the equator) resolution. Second, for each year between 2000 and 2016, we translated the YLLs within each age group into a health-related cost using a country-specific, age-adjusted measure of VSLY. Third, we decomposed the major driving factors that contributed to the temporal change in health costs related to PM2ยท5. Finally, we did a sensitivity test to analyse the variability of the estimated health costs to four alternative valuation measures. We identified the uncertainty intervals (UIs) from 1000 draws of the parameters and concentrationโresponse functions by age, cause, country, and year. All economic values are reported in 2011 purchasing power parity-adjusted US dollars. All simulations were done with R, version 3.6.0. Findings: Globally, in 2016, PM2ยท5 was estimated to have caused 8ยท42 million (95% UI 6ยท50โ10ยท52) attributable deaths, which was associated with 163ยท68 million (116ยท03โ219ยท44) YLLs. In 2016, the global economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM2ยท5 pollution for the older population was US$2ยท40 trillion (1ยท89โ2ยท93) accounting for 59% (59โ60) of the cost for the total population ($4ยท09 trillion [3ยท19โ5ยท05]). The economic cost per capita for the older population was $2739 (2160โ3345) in 2016, which was 10 times that of the younger population (ie, those aged <60 years). By assessing the factors that contributed to economic costs, we found that increases in these factors changed the total economic cost by 77% for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, 21% for population ageing, 16% for population growth, โ41% for age-specific mortality, and โ0ยท4% for PM2ยท5 exposure. Interpretation: The economic cost of ambient PM2ยท5 borne by the older population almost doubled between 2000 and 2016, driven primarily by GDP growth, population ageing, and population growth. Compared with younger people, air pollution leads to disproportionately higher health costs among older people, even after accounting for their relatively shorter life expectancy and increased disability. As the world's population is ageing, the disproportionate health cost attributable to ambient PM2ยท5 pollution potentially widens the health inequities for older people. Countries with severe air pollution and rapid ageing rates need to take immediate actions to improve air quality. In addition, strategies aimed at enhancing health-care services, especially targeting the older population, could be beneficial for reducing the health costs of ambient air pollution. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and Qiushi Foundation.