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Scanning single quantum emitter fluorescence lifetime imaging: Quantitative analysis of the local density of photonic states

2014, Schell, A.W., Engel, P., Werra, J.F.M., Wolff, C., Busch, K., Benson, O.

Their intrinsic properties render single quantum systems as ideal tools for quantum enhanced sensing and microscopy. As an additional benefit, their size is typically on an atomic scale that enables sensing with very high spatial resolution. Here, we report on utilizing a single nitrogen vacancy center in nanodiamond for performing three-dimensional scanning-probe fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. By measuring changes of the single emitter's lifetime, information on the local density of optical states is acquired at the nanoscale. Three-dimensional ab initio discontinuous Galerkin time-domain simulations are used in order to verify the results and to obtain additional insights. This combination of experiment and simulations to gather quantitative information on the local density of optical states is of direct relevance for the understanding of fundamental quantum optical processes as well as for the engineering of novel photonic and plasmonic devices.

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Cavity electromechanics with parametric mechanical driving

2020, Bothner, D., Yanai, S., Iniguez-Rabago, A., Yuan, M., Blanter, Ya. M., Steele, G. A.

Microwave optomechanical circuits have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for both exploring fundamental physics of macroscopic mechanical oscillators, as well as being promising candidates for on-chip quantum-limited microwave devices. In most experiments so far, the mechanical oscillator is either used as a passive element and its displacement is detected using the superconducting cavity, or manipulated by intracavity fields. Here, we explore the possibility to directly and parametrically manipulate the mechanical nanobeam resonator of a cavity electromechanical system, which provides additional functionality to the toolbox of microwave optomechanics. In addition to using the cavity as an interferometer to detect parametrically modulated mechanical displacement and squeezed thermomechanical motion, we demonstrate that this approach can realize a phase-sensitive parametric amplifier for intracavity microwave photons. Future perspectives of optomechanical systems with a parametrically driven mechanical oscillator include exotic bath engineering with negative effective photon temperatures, or systems with enhanced optomechanical nonlinearities.

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Eigensolutions of the Wigner-Eisenbud problem for a cylindrical nanowire within finite volume method

2012, Racec, Paul N., Schade, Stanley, Kaiser, Hans-Christoph

We present a finite volume method for computing a representative range of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Schrödinger operator on a three dimensional cylindrically symmetric bounded domain with mixed boundary conditions. More specifically, we deal with a semiconductor nanowire which consists of a dominant host material and contains heterostructure features such as double-barriers or quantum dots. The three dimensional Schrödinger operator is reduced to a family of two dimensional Schrödinger operators distinguished by a centrifugal potential. Ultimately, we numerically treat them by means of a finite volume method. We consider a uniform, boundary conforming Delaunay mesh, which additionally conforms to the material interfaces. The 1/r singularity is eliminated by approximating r at the vertexes of the Voronoi boxes. We study how the anisotropy of the effective mass tensor acts on the uniform approximation of the first K eigenvalues and eigenvectors and their sequential arrangement. There exists an optimal uniform Delaunay discretization with matching anisotropy. This anisotropic discretization yields best accuracy also in the presence of a mildly varying scattering potential, shown exemplarily for a nanowire resonant tunneling diode. For potentials with 1/r singularity one retrieves the theoretically established first order convergence, while the second order convergence is recovered only on uniform grids with an anisotropy correction.

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Nanowire-supported plasmonic waveguide for remote excitation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering

2014, Huang, Y., Fang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhu, L., Sun, M.

Due to its amazing ability to manipulate light at the nanoscale, plasmonics has become one of the most interesting topics in the field of light-matter interaction. As a promising application of plasmonics, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been widely used in scientific investigations and material analysis. The large enhanced Raman signals are mainly caused by the extremely enhanced electromagnetic field that results from localized surface plasmon polaritons. Recently, a novel SERS technology called remote SERS has been reported, combining both localized surface plasmon polaritons and propagating surface plasmon polaritons (PSPPs, or called plasmonic waveguide), which may be found in prominent applications in special circumstances compared to traditional local SERS. In this article, we review the mechanism of remote SERS and its development since it was first reported in 2009. Various remote metal systems based on plasmonic waveguides, such as nanoparticle-nanowire systems, single nanowire systems, crossed nanowire systems and nanowire dimer systems, are introduced, and recent novel applications, such as sensors, plasmon-driven surface-catalyzed reactions and Raman optical activity, are also presented. Furthermore, studies of remote SERS in dielectric and organic systems based on dielectric waveguides remind us that this useful technology has additional, tremendous application prospects that have not been realized in metal systems.

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Dynamics of free and bound excitons in GaN nanowires

2015, Hauswald, Christian

GaN-Nanodrähte können mit einer hohen strukturellen Perfektion auf verschiedenen kristallinen und amorphen Substraten gewachsen werden. Sie bieten somit faszinierende Möglichkeiten, sowohl zur Untersuchung von fundamentalen Eigenschaften des Materialsystems, als auch in der Anwendung in optoelektronischen Bauteilen. Obwohl bereits verschiedene Prototypen solcher Bauteile vorgestellt wurden, sind viele grundlegende Eigenschaften von GaN-Nanodrähten noch ungeklärt, darunter die interne Quanteneffizienz (IQE), welche ein wichtiges Merkmal für optoelektronische Anwendungen darstellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Rekombinationsdynamik von Exzitonen, in selbst-induzierten und selektiv gewachsenen GaN Nanodraht-Proben, welche mit Molekularstrahlepitaxie hergestellt wurden. Die zeitaufgelösten Photolumineszenz (PL)-Experimente werden durch Simulationen ergänzt, welche auf Ratengleichungs-Modellen basieren. Es stellt sich heraus, dass die Populationen von freien und gebundenen Exzitonen gekoppelt sind und zwischen 10 und 300 K von einem nichtstrahlenden Kanal beeinflusst werden. Die Untersuchung von Proben mit unterschiedlichem Nanodraht-Durchmesser und Koaleszenzgrad zeigt, dass weder die Nanodraht-Oberfläche, noch Defekte als Folge von Koaleszenz diesen nichtstrahlenden Kanal induzieren. Daraus lässt sich folgern, dass die kurze Zerfallszeit von Exzitonen in GaN-Nanodrähten durch Punktdefekte verursacht wird, welche die IQE bei 10 K auf 20% limitieren. Der häufig beobachtete biexponentiellen PL-Zerfall des Donator-gebundenen Exzitons wird analysiert und es zeigt sich, dass die langsame Komponente durch eine Kopplung mit Akzeptoren verursacht wird. Motiviert durch Experimente, welche eine starke Abhängigkeit der PL-Intensität vom Nanodraht-Durchmesser zeigen, wird die externen Quanteneffizienz von geordneten Nanodraht-Feldern mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen der Absorption und Extraktion von Licht in diesen Strukturen untersucht.

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R-matrix formalism for electron scattering in two dimensions

2009, Racec, Paul N., Racec, Roxana, Neidhardt, Hagen

We investigate the scattering phenomena in two dimensions produced by a general finite-range nonseparable potential. This situation can appear either in a Cartesian geometry or in a heterostructure with cylindrical symmetry. Increasing the dimensionality of the scattering problem new processes as the scattering between conducting channels and the scattering from conducting to evanescent channels are allowed. For certain values of the energy, called resonance energy, the transmission through the scattering region changes dramatically in comparison with an one-dimensional problem. If the potential has an attractive character even the evanescent channels can be seen as dips of the total transmission. The multi-channel current scattering matrix is determined using its representation in terms of the R-matrix. The resonant transmission peaks are characterized quantitatively through the poles of the current scattering matrix. Detailed maps of the localization probability density sustain the physical interpretation of the resonances. Our formalism is applied to a quantum dot in a two dimensional electron gas and a conical quantum dot embedded inside a nanowire

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Self-assembly of Co/Pt stripes with current-induced domain wall motion towards 3D racetrack devices

2024, Fedorov, Pavel, Soldatov, Ivan, Neu, Volker, Schäfer, Rudolf, Schmidt, Oliver G., Karnaushenko, Daniil

Modification of the magnetic properties under the induced strain and curvature is a promising avenue to build three-dimensional magnetic devices, based on the domain wall motion. So far, most of the studies with 3D magnetic structures were performed in the helixes and nanowires, mainly with stationary domain walls. In this study, we demonstrate the impact of 3D geometry, strain and curvature on the current-induced domain wall motion and spin-orbital torque efficiency in the heterostructure, realized via a self-assembly rolling technique on a polymeric platform. We introduce a complete 3D memory unit with write, read and store functionality, all based on the field-free domain wall motion. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis between 2D and 3D structures, particularly addressing the influence of heat during the electric current pulse sequences. Finally, we demonstrated a remarkable increase of 30% in spin-torque efficiency in 3D configuration.

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Luminescence of group-III-V nanowires containing heterostructures – the role of polytypism, polarization fields and carrier localization

2013, Lähnemann, Jonas

In dieser Dissertation wird die spektrale und örtliche Verteilung der Lumineszenz von Heterostrukturen in selbstorganisierten Nanodrähten (ND) mit Hilfe von Kathodolumineszenz-Spektroskopie (KL) im Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht. Diese Methode wird ergänzt durch Messungen der kontinuierlichen und zeitaufgelösten Mikro-Photolumineszenz. Drei verschiedene Strukturen werden behandelt: (i) GaAs-ND bestehend aus Segmenten der Wurtzit (WZ) bzw. Zinkblende (ZB) Kristallstrukturen, (ii) auf GaN-ND überwachsene GaN-Mikrokristalle und (iii) (In,Ga)N Einschlüsse in GaN-ND. Die gemischte Kristallstruktur der GaAs-ND führt zu komplexen Emissionsspektren. Dabei wird entweder ausschließlich Lumineszenz bei Energien unterhalb der ZB Bandlücke, oder aber zusätzlich bei höheren Energien, gemessen. Diese Differenz wird durch unterschiedliche Dicken der ZB und WZ Segmente erklärt. Messungen bei Raumtemperatur zeigen, dass die Bandlücke von WZ-GaAs mindestens 55 meV größer als die von ZB-GaAs ist. Die Lumineszenz-Spektren der GaN-Mikrokristalle enthalten verschiedene Emissionslinien, die auf Stapelfehler (SF) zurückzuführen sind. SF sind ZB Quantentöpfe verschiedener Dicke in einem WZ-Kristall und es wird gezeigt, dass ihre Emissionsenergie durch die spontane Polarisation bestimmt wird. Aus einer detaillierten statistischen Analyse der Emissionsenergien der verschiedenen SF-Typen werden Emissionsenergien von 3.42, 3.35 und 3.29 eV für die intrinsischen (I1 und I2) sowie für extrinsische SF ermittelt. Aus den entsprechenden Energiedifferenzen wird -0.022C/m² als experimenteller Wert für die spontane Polarisation von GaN bestimmt. Die Bedeutung sowohl der piezoelektrischen Polarisation als auch die der Lokalisierung von Ladungsträgern wird für (In,Ga)N-Einschlüsse in GaN-ND gezeigt. Hierbei spielt nicht nur die Lokalisierung von Exzitonen, sondern auch die individueller Elektronen und Löcher an unterschiedlichen Potentialminima eine Rolle.