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End date: 2020 × Start date: 2019 × End date: 2014 × Start date: 2013 × Type: Text × WGL Institute: ATB ×

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 36
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    Assessment of continuous vaginal logger-based temperature monitoring in fever-induced gilts
    (Dubai : Science Publications, 2013) Schmidt, Mariana; Ammon, Christian; Schon, Peter; Manteuffel, Christian; Hoffmann, Gundula
    The aim of this study was to identify a low risk method to induce fever in gilts and to evaluate vaginal sensors for temperature monitoring. Therefore, a rhinitis atrophicans vaccine was used to induce fever to evaluate sensors and behavioral patterns. During 11 trials, two of four animals were injected with 2 mL of the vaccine Porcilis AR-T DF (Intervet) and the other two animals were treated with 2 mL of 0.9% NaCl as controls. A temperature logger (TRIX-8, LogTag Recorders, Auckland, New Zealand) was used to continuously monitor the vaginal temperature. Additionally, rectal temperatures were measured four times daily. The water consumption, food intake and locomotion behaviors of the animals were analysed one day before treatment and during the day of the treatment. The vaccine induced fever in all gilts, which occurred approximately 5.87 h after vaccination. The vaginal logger temperatures and the rectal temperatures showed a linear correlation in 21 vaccinated gilts (r = 0.86; p<0.0001) and 22 non-vaccinated gilts (r = 0.65; P<0.0001). The vaginal logger can be continuously used to measure the core temperature. Water intake decreased (p<0.0001) in the gilts with fever, whereas food intake did not change (p = 0.9411). The vaccinated gilts spent 79±16 more minutes per day lying after the vaccination (p<0.001) in comparison to the day before the vaccination. Treatment with this vaccine provides the opportunity to induce fever over a short time period (5.13 h) and mild sickness behavior in gilts to investigate disease indicators.
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    Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC): Near infrared spectroscopy and partial least-squares regression for determination of selective components in HTC solid and liquid products derived from maize silage
    (Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2014) Reza, M. Toufiq; Becker, Wolfgang; Sachsenheimer, Kerstin; Mumme, Jan
    Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was evaluated as a rapid method of predicting fiber components (hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and ash) and selective compounds of hydrochar and corresponding process liquor produced by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of maize silage. Several HTC reaction times and temperatures were applied and NIR spectra of both HTC solids and liquids were obtained and correlated with concentration determined from van-Soest fiber analysis, IC, and UHPLC. Partial least-squares regression was applied to calculate models for the prediction of selective substances. The model developed with the spectra had the best performance in 3–7 factors with a correlation coefficient, which varied between 0.9275–0.9880 and 0.9364–0.9957 for compounds in solid and liquid, respectively. Calculated root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.42–5.06 mg/kg. The preliminary results indicate that NIR, a widely applied technique, might be applied to determine chemical compounds in HTC solid and liquid.
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    Quantification of nitrogen balance components in a commercial broiler barn
    (Prague : ÄŒSAZV, 2013) von Bobrutzki, K.; Ammon, S.; Berg, W.; Fiedler, M.
    Characterizing the respective nitrogen (N) use efficiency requires understanding the N flow of inputs and outputs from a commercial broiler barn. In this study, an N mass balance was performed for one entire growing cycle. The objectives were to quantify, sample, and analyze all N components entering and leaving the barn. The N from feed, chickens, and bedding material was considered as inputs, the outputs included the N accretion in mature broilers, the total N emissions (NTNE), the N accumulation in litter, and the N of mortality. Of particular relevance was the determination of an appropriate method to mirror the heterogenic texture of the litter. Litter samples were collected weekly according to a defined procedure. The major N input was feed N, accounting for 99% of the total N input. After the 36-day growing cycle, the N outputs were portioned as follows: 59% (1741.3 kg N) in mature broilers, 37% (1121.3 kg N) accumulated in litter, and 4% in NTNE (114.3 kg N). The N accumulations in broiler tissue and litter agree well with other studies. The measured emissions were consistently lower compared to other references, due to the fact that these references were mainly based on studies where broilers were raised on built-up litter. In contrast to in situ quantified N emissions in this study, other published values were assumed to be the difference of N between inputs and outputs. This study illustrates that extensive sampling of litter is a prerequisite for calculating litter masses. The accurate specification of the litter texture proved to be crucial within the mass balance approach. With this information, the feasible improvements within management practices can be identified.
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    Development of a flow-fluorescence in situhybridization protocol for the analysis of microbial communities in anaerobic fermentation liquor
    (London : BioMed Central, 2013) Nettmann, Edith; Fröhling, Antje; Heeg, Kathrin; Klocke, Michael; Schlüter, Oliver; Mumme, Jan
    Background: The production of bio-methane from renewable raw material is of high interest because of the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels. The process of biomethanation is based on the inter- and intraspecific metabolic activity of a highly diverse and dynamic microbial community. The community structure of the microbial biocenosis varies between different biogas reactors and the knowledge about these microbial communities is still fragmentary. However, up to now no approaches are available allowing a fast and reliable access to the microbial community structure. Hence, the aim of this study was to originate a Flow-FISH protocol, namely a combination of flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, for the analysis of the metabolically active microorganisms in biogas reactor samples. With respect to the heterogenic texture of biogas reactor samples and to collect all cells including those of cell aggregates and biofilms the development of a preceding purification procedure was indispensable. Results: Six different purification procedures with in total 29 modifications were tested. The optimized purification procedure combines the use of the detergent sodium hexametaphosphate with ultrasonic treatment and a final filtration step. By this treatment, the detachment of microbial cells from particles as well as the disbandment of cell aggregates was obtained at minimized cell loss. A Flow-FISH protocol was developed avoiding dehydration and minimizing centrifugation steps. In the exemplary application of this protocol on pure cultures as well as biogas reactor samples high hybridization rates were achieved for commonly established domain specific oligonucleotide probes enabling the specific detection of metabolically active bacteria and archaea. Cross hybridization and autofluorescence effects could be excluded by the use of a nonsense probe and negative controls, respectively. Conclusions: The approach described in this study enables for the first time the analysis of the metabolically active fraction of the microbial communities within biogas reactors by Flow-FISH.
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    Experimente zum Partikelfluss an einer neu entwickelten Geometrie für Dächerschachttrockner
    (Darmstadt : KTBL, 2014) Weigler, Fabian; Franke, Georg; Scaar, Holger; Mellmann, Jochen
    Um große Mengen an Körnerfrüchten über einen längeren Zeitraum lagerfähig zu machen, werden weltweit zunehmend Dächerschachttrockner (DST) eingesetzt. Trocknereinbauten, die ungünstig konstruiert oder angeordnet sind, können eine breite Verweilzeitverteilung des zu trocknenden Gutes verursachen. Dadurch kommt es lokal zu unterschiedlichen Trocknungsbedingungen, die zu einer inhomogenen Trocknung und damit zu einem erhöhten spezifischen Energieverbrauch, zu wirtschaftlichen Verlusten und zu Qualitätseinbußen führen. Mit dem Ziel der Sicherung der Produktqualität und der Steigerung der Energieeffizienz wurde daher eine neuartige Apparategeometrie entwickelt. Um das traditionelle Design mit der neu entwickelten Geometrie hinsichtlich der Partikeldurchströmung vergleichen zu können, wurden Durchflussversuche am Modellgut Weizen mit eingefärbten Körnern als Tracerpartikel im Technikumsmaßstab durchgeführt.
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    Awassi sheep keeping in the Arabic steppe in relation to nitrous oxide emission from soil
    (Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2013) Hijazi, Omar; Berg, Werner; Moussa, Samouil; Ammon, Christian; von Bobrutzki, Kristina; Brunsch, Reiner
    Sheep husbandry is the main source of income for farmers in arid zones. Increasing sheep production on steppes may increase the greenhouse gas production. The objective of this study was to investigate the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the steppes for Awassi sheep keeping and feed cropping in arid zones such as Syria. The methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was used to estimate N2O emissions. A survey was conducted on 64 farms in Syria to gather data for analysis. Precipitation and crop yield data from 2001 to 2009 were also used for calculation and modelling. Sheep-keeping systems, precipitation, year and the region have significant effects on N2O emissions (p<0.05). Emissions of N2O from lands with extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems were 0.30 ± 0.093, 0.598± 0.113 and 2.243± 0.187 kg sheep1year1, respectively. Crop production was higher in regions with high precipitation levels, which helped to reduce N2O emissions. Using more residuals of wheat, cotton and soya as feed for sheep in the keeping systems evaluated may decrease the overuse of steppe regions and N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions of N2O from sheep-keeping areas can be reduced by changing sheep-keeping systems and increasing the crop production in arid zones through artificial irrigation.
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    Vollmechanische Ernte von Einlegegurken
    (Darmstadt : KTBL, 2013) Surdilovic, Jelena; Geyer, Martin
    Mit einer Verarbeitungskapazität von etwa 40 000 Tonnen Einlegegurken ist die Spreewaldregion das zweitgrößte Anbaugebiet Deutschlands. Die Ernte erfolgt von Hand mithilfe sogenannter Gurkenflieger. Die gesamte Produktionskette steht unter dem hohen Druck steigender Arbeitskosten. Um den Gurkenanbau auch in der Zukunft wettbewerbsfähig am Markt zu positionieren, wurde eine innovative Erntetechnologie entwickelt. Im Folgenden werden erste Praxisversuche mit einer vollmechanischen Erntemaschine vorgestellt. Mit einem Beschleunigungssensor wird die Erntemaschine im Hinblick auf mechanische Belastungen der Früchte analysiert. Begleitend erfolgen Untersuchungen zur Produktqualität.
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    Vegetationserkennung für landwirtschaftliche Anwendungen mithilfe einer Ein-Chip-Kamera
    (Darmstadt : KTBL, 2014) Selbeck, Jörn; Dworak, Volker; Hoffmann, Matthias; Dammer, Karl-Heinz
    Durch die Anwendung von Kameras bei der Prozesskontrolle in der Präzisionslandwirtschaft können Dünger, Pestizide, Maschinenzeit und Treibstoff eingespart werden. Trotz der hohen Forschungsaktivitäten auf diesem Gebiet verhindern hohe Preise für geeignete Kamerasysteme die Anwendung in allen Bereichen der Landwirtschaft. Intelligente und kostengünstige Kameras, die für landwirtschaftliche Anwendungen angepasst werden, können diesen Nachteil überwinden. Der normalisierte differenzierte Vegetationsindex (NDVI) ist ein Algorithmus in der Bildanalyse zur Trennung von Pflanze und Boden (Hintergrund) und wird in der hier vorgestellten Untersuchung bei einer kostengünstigen Ein-Chip-Kamera implementiert und angepasst.
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    Spargel – Qualität, die sich hören lässt
    (Darmstadt : KTBL, 2013) Foerster, Julia; Truppel, Ingo; Geyer, Martin
    Kommerziell verfügbare automatische Sortiermaschinen sind derzeit nicht in der Lage, hohle Spargelstangen, die als Qualitätsfehler auszusortieren wären, zuverlässig zu erkennen. Im Folgenden wird ein neues Verfahren – basierend auf der akustischen Resonanzanalyse – vorgestellt, das potenziell in der Lage ist, intakte von hohlen Stangen zu unterscheiden und somit eine wertvolle Ergänzung zu den optischen Verfahren bietet.
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    Entwicklung einer Erntemaschine für Kamillenblüten
    (Darmstadt : KTBL, 2014) Ehlert, Detlef
    Mit dem Anbau von Kamille wird die Biodiversität in Landwirtschaftsbetrieben erhöht sowie eine zusätzliche Einkommensquelle geschaffen. Um die Ernte der Kamillenblüten effizienter zu gestalten, wurde ein dreijähriges Forschungsprojekt gefördert. Es hatte zum Ziel, eine neue Erntemaschine in Form eines Funktionsmusters zu entwickeln und zu untersuchen, das sich durch eine hohe Pflückqualität, geringe Verluste, eine Flächenleistung von mindestens 1 ha je Stunde und geringe Kosten auszeichnet. In der Endphase des Projektes wurde in der Erntesaison 2013 das Funktionsmuster einer Erntemaschine erprobt, die das Know-how und somit die Grundlage für die zukünftige Produktion einer neuen Erntemaschine in Kleinserie liefert.