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- ItemMetamaterial-enabled asymmetric negative refraction of GHz mechanical waves([London] : Nature Publishing Group UK, 2022) Zanotto, Simone; Biasiol, Giorgio; Santos, Paulo V.; Pitanti, AlessandroWave refraction at an interface between different materials is a basic yet fundamental phenomenon, transversal to several scientific realms – electromagnetism, gas and fluid acoustics, solid mechanics, and possibly also matter waves. Under specific circumstances, mostly enabled by structuration below the wavelength scale, i.e., through the metamaterial approach, waves undergo negative refraction, eventually enabling superlensing and transformation optics. However, presently known negative refraction systems are symmetric, in that they cannot distinguish between positive and negative angles of incidence. Exploiting a metamaterial with an asymmetric unit cell, we demonstrate that the aforementioned symmetry can be broken, ultimately relying on the specific shape of the Bloch mode isofrequency curves. Our study specialized upon a mechanical metamaterial operating at GHz frequency, which is by itself a building block for advanced technologies such as chip-scale hybrid optomechanical and electromechanical devices. However, the phenomenon is based on general wave theory concepts, and it applies to any frequency and time scale for any kind of linear waves, provided that a suitable shaping of the isofrequency contours is implemented.
- ItemSteering carbon dioxide reduction toward C–C coupling using copper electrodes modified with porous molecular films([London] : Nature Publishing Group UK, 2023) Zhao, Siqi; Christensen, Oliver; Sun, Zhaozong; Liang, Hongqing; Bagger, Alexander; Torbensen, Kristian; Nazari, Pegah; Lauritsen, Jeppe Vang; Pedersen, Steen Uttrup; Rossmeisl, Jan; Daasbjerg, KimCopper offers unique capability as catalyst for multicarbon compounds production in the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction. In lieu of conventional catalysis alloying with other elements, copper can be modified with organic molecules to regulate product distribution. Here, we systematically study to which extent the carbon dioxide reduction is affected by film thickness and porosity. On a polycrystalline copper electrode, immobilization of porous bipyridine-based films of varying thicknesses is shown to result in almost an order of magnitude enhancement of the intrinsic current density pertaining to ethylene formation while multicarbon products selectivity increases from 9.7 to 61.9%. In contrast, the total current density remains mostly unaffected by the modification once it is normalized with respect to the electrochemical active surface area. Supported by a microkinetic model, we propose that porous and thick films increase both local carbon monoxide partial pressure and the carbon monoxide surface coverage by retaining in situ generated carbon monoxide. This reroutes the reaction pathway toward multicarbon products by enhancing carbon–carbon coupling. Our study highlights the significance of customizing the molecular film structure to improve the selectivity of copper catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction reaction.
- ItemOptoelectronic properties and ultrafast carrier dynamics of copper iodide thin films([London] : Nature Publishing Group UK, 2022) Li, Zhan Hua; He, Jia Xing; Lv, Xiao Hu; Chi, Ling Fei; Egbo, Kingsley O.; Li, Ming-De; Tanaka, Tooru; Guo, Qi Xin; Yu, Kin Man; Liu, Chao PingAs a promising high mobility p-type wide bandgap semiconductor, copper iodide has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the defect physics/evolution are still controversial, and particularly the ultrafast carrier and exciton dynamics in copper iodide has rarely been investigated. Here, we study these fundamental properties for copper iodide thin films by a synergistic approach employing a combination of analytical techniques. Steady-state photoluminescence spectra reveal that the emission at ~420 nm arises from the recombination of electrons with neutral copper vacancies. The photogenerated carrier density dependent ultrafast physical processes are elucidated with using the femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Both the effects of hot-phonon bottleneck and the Auger heating significantly slow down the cooling rate of hot-carriers in the case of high excitation density. The effect of defects on the carrier recombination and the two-photon induced ultrafast carrier dynamics are also investigated. These findings are crucial to the optoelectronic applications of copper iodide.
- ItemReply to Ruhl and Craig: Assessing and governing extreme climate risks needs to be legitimate and democratic(Washington, DC : National Acad. of Sciences, 2022) Kemp, Luke; Xu, Chi; Depledge, Joanna; Ebi, Kristie L.; Gibbins, Goodwin; Kohler, Timothy A.; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Steffen, Will; Lenton, Timothy M.[No abstract available]
- ItemReply to Burgess et al: Catastrophic climate risks are neglected, plausible, and safe to study(Washington, DC : National Acad. of Sciences, 2022) Kemp, Luke; Xu, Chi; Depledge, Joanna; Ebi, Kristie L.; Gibbins, Goodwin; Kohler, Timothy A.; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Steffen, Will; Lenton, Timothy M.
- ItemOn-chip generation and dynamic piezo-optomechanical rotation of single photons([London] : Nature Publishing Group UK, 2022) BĂĽhler, Dominik D.; WeiĂź, Matthias; Crespo-Poveda, Antonio; Nysten, Emeline D. S.; Finley, Jonathan J.; MĂĽller, Kai; Santos, Paulo V.; de Lima Jr., Mauricio M.; Krenner, Hubert J.Integrated photonic circuits are key components for photonic quantum technologies and for the implementation of chip-based quantum devices. Future applications demand flexible architectures to overcome common limitations of many current devices, for instance the lack of tuneabilty or built-in quantum light sources. Here, we report on a dynamically reconfigurable integrated photonic circuit comprising integrated quantum dots (QDs), a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducers directly fabricated on a monolithic semiconductor platform. We demonstrate on-chip single photon generation by the QD and its sub-nanosecond dynamic on-chip control. Two independently applied SAWs piezo-optomechanically rotate the single photon in the MZI or spectrally modulate the QD emission wavelength. In the MZI, SAWs imprint a time-dependent optical phase and modulate the qubit rotation to the output superposition state. This enables dynamic single photon routing with frequencies exceeding one gigahertz. Finally, the combination of the dynamic single photon control and spectral tuning of the QD realizes wavelength multiplexing of the input photon state and demultiplexing it at the output. Our approach is scalable to multi-component integrated quantum photonic circuits and is compatible with hybrid photonic architectures and other key components for instance photonic resonators or on-chip detectors.
- ItemPhysiological Parameters Relevant to Dissolution Testing - Hydrodynamic Considerations (rev. and suppl. version)(Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2023) Diebold, Steffen M.The first two sections of the monograph present an introduction into basic hydrodynamics relevant to in vitro dissolution testing including V. G. Levichs convective diffusion theory and the authors combination model. This part is followed by hydrodynamic considerations of in vivo dissolution including hydrodynamic problems inherent to in vivo bioavailability of solid oral dosage forms. Hydrodynamics in the upper GI tract contribute to in vivo dissolution. Our ability to forecast dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in vitro depends on our knowledge of and ability to control hydrodynamics as well as other factors influencing dissolution. Provided suitable conditions (apparatus, hydrodynamics, media) are chosen for the dissolution test, it seems possible to predict dissolution limitations to the oral absorption of drugs and to reflect variations in hydrodynamic conditions in the upper GI tract. The fluid volume available for dissolution in the gut lumen, the contact time of the dissolved compound with the absorptive sites and the particle size have been identified as the main hydrodynamic determinants for the absorption of poorly soluble drugs in vivo. The influence of these factors is usually more pronounced than that of the motility pattern or the gastrointestinal flow rates per se.
- ItemReply to Kelman: The foundations for studying catastrophic climate risks(Washington, DC : National Acad. of Sciences, 2022) Kemp, Luke; Xu, Chi; Depledge, Joanna; Ebi, Kristie L.; Gibbins, Goodwin; Kohler, Timothy A.; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Steffen, Will; Lenton, Timothy M.