Glastechnische Berichte : Zeitschrift für Glaskunde
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Browsing Glastechnische Berichte : Zeitschrift für Glaskunde by Author "Beerkens, Ruud G. C."
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- ItemComparative study on energy-saving technologies for glass furnaces(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1992) Beerkens, Ruud G. C.; Muysenberg, Hendrikus P. H.Different new technologies for increasing the energy efficiency of glass furnaces have been compared. The most important technologies are: - batch and cullet preheating, using a fluidized bed for batch preheating and dust filtration; - thermochemical recuperators using a water/methane reformer; - oxygen burners; - advanced air preheat systems like ceramic recuperators; - twin-bed burners; - new combustion technologies. The energy savings of these different measures for an industrial glass furnace have been calculated by using an energy-balance model. Α soda-lime glass furnace with a production rate of 250 t glass/d has been chosen as an example for making these comparisons. The economics of all these different technologies have not been compared here. Melting of batches with up to 100 % cullet may have additional advantages for the energy consumption because of the possible lower melting temperatures needed to remelt pure cullet without other raw materials. Batch and cullet preheaters are the most important systems for the near future. Besides the improvement of the energy efficiency, the impact of some of the mentioned energy-saving technologies on the reduction of the emissions of air pollutants like dust, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, chlorides and fluorides seems to be promising.
- ItemModeling of the aging of glass furnace regenerators(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1992) Beerkens, Ruud G. C.; Muysenberg, Hendrikus P. H.; Barklage-Hilgefort, HansjürgenΑ model has been developed to predict the decrease of the thermal performance of glass furnace regenerators due to fouling by flue gas condensates. The model consists of four parts: a) description of the thermal performance (heat transfer) of regenerator checkers; b) description of the heat transfer in the furnace combustion chamber; c) determination of volatilization of sulfur, chloride and sodium components from the melt; d) modeling of chemical reactions in and deposition from flue gases in the regenerator. The aging and the reduction of the thermal efficiency due to fouling has been predicted: - for different checkerwork constructions or refractory types; - as a function of pull rate; - as a function of glass melt temperatures; - as a function of applied cullet fraction. Depending on the different conditions, the predicted increase in energy consumption is about 1 up to more than 3 %/year, mainly due to fouling. Cruciform and chimney block checkers seem to be less sensitive for this fouhng than basketweave packings. As molten glass temperatures increase, dust emissions and fouling rates are going up. According to the model calculations, a higher cullet fraction in the batch will lead to reduced aging rates of the regenerators. The model is in quite good agreement with practical observations in industrial furnaces.
- ItemThermal behaviour of glass batch on batch heating(Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft, 1992) Faber, Anne J.; Beerkens, Ruud G. C.; Waal, Henk deThe heating process of a barium-strontium glass batch has been studied in a 401 pot furnace, using a multiple thermocouple assembly. The effect of several batch batch parameters on the heating process has been measured, including layer thickness, cullet fraction, water content and pellets. The results have been evaluated using a heat penetration batch model. In the model two heating stages, below and above a certain batch transition temperature ϑs, typically 800 to 900 °C, are distinguished. Values for the temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity of the batch have been derived from experimental temperature distributions in the batch during heating. Below the thermal diffusivity has an almost constant value of 0.4 · 10^-6 m2/s for a standard (powder) batch blanket; for ϑ > ϑs the net thermal diffusivity strongly increases with temperature, due to the formation of primary melt phases. For ϑs < ϑ < 1100 °C the average value is about 1.4 · 10^-6 m2/s. Α 100 % cullet layer has a 50 % higher thermal diffusivity for ϑ < ϑs; pelletizing the batch is of little influence on the virtual thermal diffusivity and (extra) wetting has a retarding effect on batch heating due to extra heat absorption. As for the furnace temperatures it appears that increasing the temperature of the glass melt is more effective for improving the batch heating rate than increasing the temperature of the combustion chamber. Practical recommendations are given for batch preparation, charging and heating in industrial glass tanks.